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Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

A

Excretion of waste products from the body

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2
Q

List the components of the urinary system.

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

What role do kidneys play in the urinary system?

A

Filter blood and produce urine

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4
Q

What is the function of ureters?

A

Carry waste from kidneys to the bladder

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5
Q

What does the urinary bladder do?

A

Stores urine until excretion

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6
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Expels urine from the bladder

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7
Q

What is homeostasis in the context of the urinary system?

A

Regulate water and electrolyte balance in the body

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8
Q

What waste products does the urinary system excrete?

A
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
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9
Q

How does the urinary system regulate blood pH?

A

By controlling the concentration of hydrogen ions

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10
Q

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels?

A

Erythropoietin

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11
Q

What is the role of renin in the urinary system?

A

Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance via the renin-angiotensin system

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12
Q

What are the dimensions of a kidney?

A
  • Approximately 11 cm long
  • 5 cm wide
  • 3 cm thick
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13
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Upper abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal

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14
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue surrounding each kidney

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15
Q

What is the function of the adipose capsule?

A

Provides cushioning and support to the kidneys

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16
Q

Define renal fascia.

A

Thin connective tissue layer surrounding the adipose capsule

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17
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

A concave fissure on the medial border for entry and exit points of vessels

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18
Q

What is found in the renal sinus?

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics, part of the urinary system, and adipose tissue

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19
Q

What are the two major regions of the kidney?

A
  • Renal Cortex
  • Renal Medulla
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20
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

Cone-shaped structures projecting into the cortex

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21
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Central area where urine collects before entering the ureter

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22
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Structural and functional units of the kidney

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23
Q

How many nephrons are approximately in each kidney?

A

About 1.3 million

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24
Q

What are the components of a nephron?

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
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25
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A knot of capillaries specialized for filtration

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26
Q

What is the function of the podocytes?

A

Form a porous membrane around the glomerulus for filtration

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27
Q

What are the three major processes of urine production?

A
  • Filtration
  • Tubular Absorption
  • Tubular Secretion
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28
Q

What is filtration pressure?

A

Forces fluid from the glomerular capillary into the Bowman capsule

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29
Q

What influences filtration pressure?

A
  • Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
  • Blood protein concentration
  • Pressure in the Bowman capsule
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30
Q

What hormone regulates urine concentration and volume?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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31
Q

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism regulate?

A

Blood pressure and fluid balance

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32
Q

What is the function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)?

A

Decreases Na+ reabsorption, reducing blood volume and pressure

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33
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Slender tubes carrying urine from kidneys to bladder

34
Q

What is the role of the urinary bladder?

A

Stores urine until triggered for excretion

35
Q

What is the micturition reflex?

A

Process of urination triggered by bladder stretching

36
Q

What are the two body fluid compartments?

A
  • Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
  • Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
37
Q

What does the intracellular fluid (ICF) account for?

A

About 60 percent of the total water in the human body

38
Q

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

Fluid outside the cells, accounting for one third of the body’s water content

39
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid that plays a vital role as a medium for electrolytes and substances moving to and from cells

40
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid found inside blood vessels, containing various substances like electrolytes

41
Q

What happens if too much water enters a cell?

A

The cell may burst and be destroyed.

42
Q

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

Fluid outside the cells.

43
Q

What percentage of the body’s water content does ECF account for?

A

One third.

44
Q

What are the two main components of ECF?

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Plasma (intravascular)
45
Q

What role does interstitial fluid play?

A

Acts as a medium for electrolytes and other substances moving to and from cells.

46
Q

What is the location of plasma?

A

Inside the blood vessels.

47
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A
  • Sodium (Na⁺): 145 mmol/L
  • Chloride (Cl⁻): 115 mmol/L
  • Calcium (Ca2+)
  • Potassium (K+): 4 mmol/L
  • Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻): 28 mmol/L
48
Q

What is osmosis?

A

A process where water moves from a fluid with a higher water concentration to a fluid with a lower water concentration.

49
Q

What is the primary fluid input in the body?

50
Q

How much water should be consumed daily according to research?

51
Q

What is the function of ECF?

A

Maintains homeostasis, particularly in fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and tissue hydration.

52
Q

What are the three primary mechanisms involved in regulating ECF?

A
  • Renal System
  • Hormonal Control
  • Thirst Mechanism
53
Q

What is the role of the kidneys in ECF regulation?

A

Filter blood, remove waste products, and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.

54
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

55
Q

What triggers the thirst mechanism?

A

Increased blood concentration or decreased blood volume.

56
Q

What is acidosis?

A

Blood pH falls below 7.35.

57
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

Blood pH rises above 7.45.

58
Q

What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?

A

CO₂ buildup.

59
Q

What is the primary cause of metabolic alkalosis?

A

H⁺ loss or bicarbonate gain.

60
Q

What is the bicarbonate buffer system’s function?

A

Helps maintain blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

61
Q

Fill in the blank: Plasma is about ___% of ECF.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: Interstitial fluid is about ___% of ECF.

63
Q

What is the function of the renal system in ECF regulation?

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
64
Q

What are the components of the body fluids?

A
  • Intracellular fluids (ICF)
  • Extracellular fluids (ECF)
65
Q

What is the role of proteins in buffering?

A

Bind or release hydrogen ions (H⁺) to stabilize pH.

66
Q

What are the principal physiological effects of acidosis?

A
  • Confusion
  • Drowsiness
  • Coma
67
Q

What are the principal physiological effects of alkalosis?

A
  • Muscle twitching
  • Tingling sensations
  • Seizures
68
Q

What defines osmolarity?

A

The amount of solutes within specific fluids.

69
Q

What is the relationship between osmolarity and water concentration?

A

High osmolarity means high solutes and less water; low osmolarity means low solutes and more water.

70
Q

True or False: Most body fluids have a neutral charge.

71
Q

What can lead to serious health consequences in ECF regulation?

A

Imbalances such as dehydration, overhydration, electrolyte disorders, and acid-base imbalance.

72
Q

What role do buffering systems play in the human body?

A

They regulate the pH of blood and bodily fluids

Key buffering systems include the bicarbonate buffer system, protein buffers, and phosphate buffers.

73
Q

What can cause alterations in buffering mechanisms?

A

Diseases, metabolic disturbances, respiratory issues

These alterations can lead to pH imbalances affecting physiological functions.

74
Q

Define respiratory acidosis.

A

A condition where carbon dioxide (CO₂) builds up in the blood, decreasing blood pH

This results in an acidic condition.

75
Q

What are the causes of respiratory acidosis?

A
  • Hypoventilation
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Asthma
  • Drug overdose
  • Neuromuscular disorders
  • Chest wall deformities or trauma

Inadequate breathing is a primary factor.

76
Q

List some symptoms of respiratory acidosis.

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Confusion or drowsiness
  • Headache
  • Cyanosis
  • Rapid or shallow breathing

Cyanosis indicates a lack of oxygen.

77
Q

What is a common treatment for respiratory acidosis?

A
  • Improve ventilation
  • Address the underlying cause

This might include oxygen therapy or bronchodilators.

78
Q

Define metabolic alkalosis.

A

A condition where the blood becomes too basic (alkaline) due to excess bicarbonate or loss of acids

This condition disrupts acid-base balance.

79
Q

What are the causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • Loss of hydrogen ions (H⁺)
  • Prolonged vomiting
  • Excessive nasogastric suctioning
  • Excessive bicarbonate
  • Overuse of antacids
  • Potassium deficiency (hypokalemia)

Loss of stomach acid is a significant contributor.

80
Q

List some symptoms of metabolic alkalosis.

A
  • Muscle twitching or cramps
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Lightheadedness
  • Confusion
  • Irregular heartbeat

These symptoms indicate potential disruptions in bodily functions.

81
Q

What is a common treatment for metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • Correct the underlying cause
  • Administer acidifying agents in severe cases

Replacement of lost fluids or electrolytes may be necessary.

82
Q

True or False: Altered buffering mechanisms can lead to life-threatening conditions.

A

True

Disruptions in acid-base balance can have serious consequences for health.

Anaphy (5 decks)

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