Urinary Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
A
Excretion of waste products from the body
2
Q
List the components of the urinary system.
A
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
3
Q
What role do kidneys play in the urinary system?
A
Filter blood and produce urine
4
Q
What is the function of ureters?
A
Carry waste from kidneys to the bladder
5
Q
What does the urinary bladder do?
A
Stores urine until excretion
6
Q
What is the function of the urethra?
A
Expels urine from the bladder
7
Q
What is homeostasis in the context of the urinary system?
A
Regulate water and electrolyte balance in the body
8
Q
What waste products does the urinary system excrete?
A
- Urea
- Uric acid
9
Q
How does the urinary system regulate blood pH?
A
By controlling the concentration of hydrogen ions
10
Q
What hormone stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels?
A
Erythropoietin
11
Q
What is the role of renin in the urinary system?
A
Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance via the renin-angiotensin system
12
Q
What are the dimensions of a kidney?
A
- Approximately 11 cm long
- 5 cm wide
- 3 cm thick
13
Q
Where are the kidneys located?
A
Upper abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal
14
Q
What is the renal capsule?
A
Outer layer of connective tissue surrounding each kidney
15
Q
What is the function of the adipose capsule?
A
Provides cushioning and support to the kidneys
16
Q
Define renal fascia.
A
Thin connective tissue layer surrounding the adipose capsule
17
Q
What is the hilum of the kidney?
A
A concave fissure on the medial border for entry and exit points of vessels
18
Q
What is found in the renal sinus?
A
Blood vessels, lymphatics, part of the urinary system, and adipose tissue
19
Q
What are the two major regions of the kidney?
A
- Renal Cortex
- Renal Medulla
20
Q
What are renal pyramids?
A
Cone-shaped structures projecting into the cortex
21
Q
What is the renal pelvis?
A
Central area where urine collects before entering the ureter
22
Q
What are nephrons?
A
Structural and functional units of the kidney
23
Q
How many nephrons are approximately in each kidney?
A
About 1.3 million
24
Q
What are the components of a nephron?
A
- Renal corpuscle
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
25
What is the glomerulus?
A knot of capillaries specialized for filtration
26
What is the function of the podocytes?
Form a porous membrane around the glomerulus for filtration
27
What are the three major processes of urine production?
* Filtration
* Tubular Absorption
* Tubular Secretion
28
What is filtration pressure?
Forces fluid from the glomerular capillary into the Bowman capsule
29
What influences filtration pressure?
* Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
* Blood protein concentration
* Pressure in the Bowman capsule
30
What hormone regulates urine concentration and volume?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
31
What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism regulate?
Blood pressure and fluid balance
32
What is the function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)?
Decreases Na+ reabsorption, reducing blood volume and pressure
33
What are the ureters?
Slender tubes carrying urine from kidneys to bladder
34
What is the role of the urinary bladder?
Stores urine until triggered for excretion
35
What is the micturition reflex?
Process of urination triggered by bladder stretching
36
What are the two body fluid compartments?
* Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
* Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
37
What does the intracellular fluid (ICF) account for?
About 60 percent of the total water in the human body
38
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Fluid outside the cells, accounting for one third of the body's water content
39
What is interstitial fluid?
Fluid that plays a vital role as a medium for electrolytes and substances moving to and from cells
40
What is plasma?
Fluid found inside blood vessels, containing various substances like electrolytes
41
What happens if too much water enters a cell?
The cell may burst and be destroyed.
42
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Fluid outside the cells.
43
What percentage of the body's water content does ECF account for?
One third.
44
What are the two main components of ECF?
* Interstitial fluid
* Plasma (intravascular)
45
What role does interstitial fluid play?
Acts as a medium for electrolytes and other substances moving to and from cells.
46
What is the location of plasma?
Inside the blood vessels.
47
What is the composition of plasma?
* Sodium (Na⁺): 145 mmol/L
* Chloride (Cl⁻): 115 mmol/L
* Calcium (Ca2+)
* Potassium (K+): 4 mmol/L
* Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻): 28 mmol/L
48
What is osmosis?
A process where water moves from a fluid with a higher water concentration to a fluid with a lower water concentration.
49
What is the primary fluid input in the body?
Water.
50
How much water should be consumed daily according to research?
2500 ml.
51
What is the function of ECF?
Maintains homeostasis, particularly in fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and tissue hydration.
52
What are the three primary mechanisms involved in regulating ECF?
* Renal System
* Hormonal Control
* Thirst Mechanism
53
What is the role of the kidneys in ECF regulation?
Filter blood, remove waste products, and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
54
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
55
What triggers the thirst mechanism?
Increased blood concentration or decreased blood volume.
56
What is acidosis?
Blood pH falls below 7.35.
57
What is alkalosis?
Blood pH rises above 7.45.
58
What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?
CO₂ buildup.
59
What is the primary cause of metabolic alkalosis?
H⁺ loss or bicarbonate gain.
60
What is the bicarbonate buffer system's function?
Helps maintain blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.
61
Fill in the blank: Plasma is about ___% of ECF.
20%
62
Fill in the blank: Interstitial fluid is about ___% of ECF.
80%
63
What is the function of the renal system in ECF regulation?
* Glomerular filtration
* Tubular reabsorption
* Tubular secretion
64
What are the components of the body fluids?
* Intracellular fluids (ICF)
* Extracellular fluids (ECF)
65
What is the role of proteins in buffering?
Bind or release hydrogen ions (H⁺) to stabilize pH.
66
What are the principal physiological effects of acidosis?
* Confusion
* Drowsiness
* Coma
67
What are the principal physiological effects of alkalosis?
* Muscle twitching
* Tingling sensations
* Seizures
68
What defines osmolarity?
The amount of solutes within specific fluids.
69
What is the relationship between osmolarity and water concentration?
High osmolarity means high solutes and less water; low osmolarity means low solutes and more water.
70
True or False: Most body fluids have a neutral charge.
True.
71
What can lead to serious health consequences in ECF regulation?
Imbalances such as dehydration, overhydration, electrolyte disorders, and acid-base imbalance.
72
What role do buffering systems play in the human body?
They regulate the pH of blood and bodily fluids
## Footnote
Key buffering systems include the bicarbonate buffer system, protein buffers, and phosphate buffers.
73
What can cause alterations in buffering mechanisms?
Diseases, metabolic disturbances, respiratory issues
## Footnote
These alterations can lead to pH imbalances affecting physiological functions.
74
Define respiratory acidosis.
A condition where carbon dioxide (CO₂) builds up in the blood, decreasing blood pH
## Footnote
This results in an acidic condition.
75
What are the causes of respiratory acidosis?
* Hypoventilation
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Asthma
* Drug overdose
* Neuromuscular disorders
* Chest wall deformities or trauma
## Footnote
Inadequate breathing is a primary factor.
76
List some symptoms of respiratory acidosis.
* Shortness of breath
* Confusion or drowsiness
* Headache
* Cyanosis
* Rapid or shallow breathing
## Footnote
Cyanosis indicates a lack of oxygen.
77
What is a common treatment for respiratory acidosis?
* Improve ventilation
* Address the underlying cause
## Footnote
This might include oxygen therapy or bronchodilators.
78
Define metabolic alkalosis.
A condition where the blood becomes too basic (alkaline) due to excess bicarbonate or loss of acids
## Footnote
This condition disrupts acid-base balance.
79
What are the causes of metabolic alkalosis?
* Loss of hydrogen ions (H⁺)
* Prolonged vomiting
* Excessive nasogastric suctioning
* Excessive bicarbonate
* Overuse of antacids
* Potassium deficiency (hypokalemia)
## Footnote
Loss of stomach acid is a significant contributor.
80
List some symptoms of metabolic alkalosis.
* Muscle twitching or cramps
* Nausea and vomiting
* Lightheadedness
* Confusion
* Irregular heartbeat
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate potential disruptions in bodily functions.
81
What is a common treatment for metabolic alkalosis?
* Correct the underlying cause
* Administer acidifying agents in severe cases
## Footnote
Replacement of lost fluids or electrolytes may be necessary.
82
True or False: Altered buffering mechanisms can lead to life-threatening conditions.
True
## Footnote
Disruptions in acid-base balance can have serious consequences for health.
