Urinary Flashcards
Kidney function is accomplished by:
- Secretion
- Reabsorption
Where in the kidney does reabsorption occur?
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Convoluted tubules
Which of the following is involved in the regulation of the GFR?
- Myogenic mechanism
- Tubuloglomerular feedback
- ANP
All of them
In the myogenic mechanic of renal autoregulation…
Smooth muscle in afferent arterioles triggers vasoconstriction to decrease GFR
What two substances are not usually found in urine
- Glucose
- Amino acids
- Protein
What transport mechanisms are involved intubular reabsoprtion?
- osmosis
- diffusion
- active transport
Which of the following can decrease urine flow?
A) nervousness
B) high Temps
C) diuretics
D) increased water intake
E) inhibition of ADH
A. Nervousness
B) high temperatures
What organs function in excretion?
Lungs
Liver
Skin
Kidneys
Large intestine
What does the urinary system consist of?
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra
What is the general function of the kidneys?
A) reg. of blood volume
B) reg. of solute concentration in the blood
C) reg. of pH
D) reg. Of vitamin A
E) reg. Of RBC synthesis
D) regulation of vitamin A synthesis
Which statement is NOT true of the kidneys?
A) The kidneys change inactive forms of vitamin C to the active form.
B) When BP decreases, the kidneys secrete renin to start the formation of angiotensin II
C) Kidneys help maintain normal blood volume and BP
D) In a state of hypoxia, the kidneys secrete erythropoietin to increase the rate of RBC production
A)
Which statement is not true of the kidneys and regulation of the homeostasis of body fluids:
A) Kidneys regulate blood volume by excreting or conserving water.
B) By regulating the composition of blood, the kidneys also regulate the composition of tissue fluid.
C) Kidneys excrete or conserve minerals to regulate the electrolyte balance of blood.
D) Kidneys respond to a decreasing pH of the blood by excreting fewer hydrogen ions.
D)
Which statement is not true:
A) Kidneys are posterior to the peritoneum.
B) Kidneys are medial to the spinal cord.
C) Adipose tissue surrounds the kidneys and cushions them.
D) Renal fascia is a fibrous connective tissue membrane that helps keep the kidneys in place.
B) Kidneys are lateral to the spinal cord.
What are the three layers of tissues that protects the kidneys? (Innermost to outer)
- Renal capsule
- Adipose capsule
- Renal fascia
The renal pyramids are contained within the…
Renal medulla
The cortex and pyramids make up the parenchyma, or functional tissue, of the kidney, epoch contains over a million nephrons. (T or F)
True
The microscopic anatomical structure within the kidney that forms urine is the
Nephron
What percentage of cardiac output goes directly to the kidney in a normal resting subject?
25%
After blood enters the kidney, it travels to
Glomerulus
Sympathetic nerves from the renal plexus are distributed to the
Renal blood vessels
The nephron has two parts. What are they?
- Glomerulus
- Renal tubule
A renal corpuscle consists of
Glomerus (Bowman’s) capsule and Glomerulus
Which statement is not true of a nephron.
A) glomerulus is surrounded by Bowman’s capsule.
B) PCT and DCT are found in the renal cortex.
C) The loop of Henle and collecting tubeless are found in the renal pelvis.
D) All of the parts of the renal tube are surrounded by peritubular capillaries.
C)
Loop of henle and collecting tubulrs are found in the renal medulla.
Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the:
A) Glomerular capsules
B) Distal convoluted tubules
C) Collecting ducts
D) proximal convoluted tubules
C) Collecting ducts
A cup-like, double-walled structure with an inner filtering membrane best describe the:
Bowman’s Capsule or Glomerus Capsule
The cells on the inner wall of the glomerulus are
Endothelial cells
Where in the kidney does filtration occur?
Renal corpuscle
The glomerular capillaries differ from other capillaries networks in the body because they:
Drain into arterioles.
Which layer of the endothelial-capsular membrane prevents RBCs from leaving the blood, but allows all other components of the blood plasma to pass.
Febestrated endothelial cells
Which of the following molecules cannot pass from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule?
A) Sodium ions
B) Glucose
C) Proteins
D) Amino acids
C) Proteins
GFR is most affected by:
Arterial BP
Which statement is not true of glomerular filtration?
A) BP in the glomeruli is high because the efferent arterioles are smaller in diameter than affluent arterioles
B) BP in the glomeruli provides force for filtration
C) Glomerular filtration increases if blood flow through the kidneys increase
D) Blood cells and large proteins stay in the Bowman’s capsule.
D) blood cells and large proteins are unable to enter the Bowman’s capsule.
Which of these conditions reduces filtration pressure in the glomerulus?
A) Elevated BP
B) Constriction of afferent arterioles
C) Decreased plasma proteins
D) Dilation of afferent arterioles
E) Decreased capsule pressure
B) Constriction of the afferent arterioles
Glomerular filtration rate is defined as:
The amount of filtration formed in the kidneys every minute
The glomerular filtration rate in a normal adult is about
(125mL/min.)
180 liters a day
What regulates the glomerular filtration rate?
- Renal autoregulation
- Hormones
- Nervous system
Renal blood pressure remains fairly constant due to the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? (T or F)
True
Renal filtration differs from blood plasma
There are no blood cells in filtrate.
The process of tubular reabsorption takes place from the
Renal tubule to pertubular capillaries.
Glucose is not normally found in the urine because it
Is reabsorbed by the tubule cells.
When excess glucose is excreted in the urine, it is most likely due to:
A) eating too many sweets
B) Kidney failure
C) More glucose in the filtration than the transport proteins cam handle
D) None of these are correct
C
Most glucose molecules are eeabsorbed in the
Proximal convoluted tubules
The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs…
Most of the water and solutes
Approximately what percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed by the kidney tubules?
99%
Which of these ions is ised to co-transport amino acids, glucose, and other substances through the apical membrane of nephron epithelial cells:
A. K+
B. NA+
C. Cl-
D. Ca2+
B.
Which of the following is true about the collecting dicts in the kidney:
A. They actively secrete sodium into urine
B. Main site for water reabsorption by the kidney
C. Determine the final os.olarity of urine to a large extent
D. They are rendered impermeable to water by ADH.
C.
Facultative reabsorption of water occurs mainly in the…
Collecting ducts
Facultative reabsorption of water is regulated by:
ADH
Which structure monitors BP in the kidney:
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Angiotensin II:
A. Causes vasoconstriction
B. Increases the sensation of thirst
C. Does both of the above
C.
High BP causes:
A. ANP production
B. ADH production
C. Renin production
A. ANP production
ADH acts to maintain blood volume by:
A. Changing the permeability of the glomerulus
B. Changing the permeability of the collecting duct
C. Changing the permeability of the loop of Henle
B. Changing the permeability of the collecting duct
Water retention increases blood volume and therefore BP. (T or F)
True
If body fluids are becoming too acidic, the kidneys will excrete more of these ions in urine.
Hydrogen ions
Increased sodium and chloride ion concentration in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla is the result of.
Countercurrent mechanism
Indicate what the osmolarity if the tubular fluid is at the Bowman’s capsule in a neohron.
Isotonic
Indicate what the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is at the end of proximal convoluted tubule in a nephron.
Isotonic
Indicate what the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is at the tip of Henle’s loop of juxtamedullary nephron (at the bottom of the u-turn).
Hypertonic
Indicate what the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is at the end of Henle’s loop of juxtamedullary nephron (before entry into the Distal tubule).
Hypotonic
On average, how many liters of urine is excreted per day?
1-2 liters
Which of the following is not a nitrogenous waste product?
A. Ammonia
B. Urea
C. Bile pigments
D. Creatinine
E. Uric acid
C. Bile pigments
Urea is a nitrougenous waste product that comes from the metabolism of:
Amino acids
Creatinine is a nitrogenous waste product that comes from energy metabolism in:
The muscles
The lumen of the urinary bladder is lined with:
Transitional epithelium
The urination reflex is triggered by the stretching walls of the urinary bladder. (T or F)
True
Micturition reflex is a spinal cord reflex. (T or F)
True
The ureter carries urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior. (T or F)
False
Voluntary control of urination is provided by the:
External urethral sphincter
Water leaves the descending limp of the loop of Henle, but not the ascending limb. (T or F)
True
Sodium chloride leaves the descending limb of the loop of Henle but not the ascending limb. (T or F)
False
