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BIO 139 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of the nasal mucous membrane?

A

Moisten incoming air
Trap small particles
Warm incoming air

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2
Q

Nasal cavity is lined with:

A

Psuedostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium

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3
Q

Function of cilia is:

A

To move mucus toward the pharynx

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4
Q

What is the order of the pharynx from top to bottom?

A

Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx

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5
Q

The palatine tonsils are found in the:

A

Oropharynx

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6
Q

The pharyngitis tonsils are found:

A

In the nasopharynx.

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7
Q

Another name for the voice box is:

A

Larynx

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8
Q

The thyroid cartilage is also known as:

A

The Adam’s apple

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9
Q

The pitch of the voice depends on:

A

Tension of the vocal cords.

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10
Q

Sympathetic stimulation to the smooth muscle tissue layer in the bronchitis causes:

A

Bronchodilation

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11
Q

Histamine causes:

A

Increased bronchial constriction

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12
Q

The parietal pleura:

A

Covers the inner surface of the thoracic cavity.

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13
Q

The serous fluid between the pleural membranes:

A
  • Keeps the membranes together
  • Prevents friction
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14
Q

The primary bronchi and the pulmonary blood vessels enter the lungs:

A

On the medial side.

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15
Q

Gases can be passed from bronchioles into capillaries. T or F

A

False

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16
Q

The alveolar-capillary membrane consists of:

A

Two layers of epithelial cells and two basement membranes

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17
Q

Surfactant is produced by:

A

Septal cells

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18
Q

The function of alveolar macrophages is:

A

To remove dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces.

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19
Q

The process of respiration includes:

A
  • breathing
  • external respiration
  • internal respiration
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20
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is another term for:

A

Breathing

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21
Q

For air to enter the lungs during inspiration:

A

The pressure inside the lungs must be lower than the atmospheric pressure.

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22
Q

Immediately after the creation of an opening through the thorax into the pleural cavity:

A

Air flows through the hole and into the pleural cavity.

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23
Q

What prevents the lungs from collapsing:

A

Surfactant
Pleural pressure

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24
Q

When a person exhales, which muscles are being used?

A

Resting:
-Passive due to elastic recoil

Active:
-Abdominal muscles
-Internal intercostals

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25
Q

When a person inhales, what muscles are being used?

A

Resting:
-Diaphragm
-External intercostals

Active:
-Sternocleidomastoid
-Scalene
-Pectoralis minor

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26
Q

When the diaphragm contracts it:

A

Moves down.

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27
Q

During sympathetic response, breathing rate:

A

Increases

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28
Q

Surfactant:

A

Lowers the surface tension of pulmonary alveolar fluid, which reduces the tendency of pulmonary alveoli to collapse and thus maintain patency.

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29
Q

Airway resistance is affected primarily by the:

A

Diameter of the bronchioles.

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30
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs happens by the process of:

A

Diffusion

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31
Q

Diffusion of gasses between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs is termed:

A

External respiration

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32
Q

Most oxygen in the blood is transported:

A

As oxyhemoglobin.

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33
Q

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported:

A

As bicarbonate ions

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34
Q

Hemoglobin that has taken up oxygen is known as:

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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35
Q

Carbon monoxide poison is due to:

A

Preferential brings of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin.
??? Not sure if correct

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36
Q

What gas is diffused from the tissues to the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide.

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37
Q

Hemoglobin that has taken up carbon dioxide is known as:

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

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38
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported by 3 main forms.

A
  1. Dissolved CO2 - about 7%
  2. Carbamino compounds (carbaminohemoglobin)- 23%
  3. Bicarbonate ions - 70%
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39
Q

The respiratory center is located in the:

A

Brain stem
- In the medulla oblongata and the pons.

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40
Q

The gas that is the most important chemical regulator of respiration is:

A

CO2 because if present in excess it lowers the pH of body fluids.

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41
Q

Centers in the carotid arteries and aorta are:

A

Chemoreceptors

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42
Q

Upper respiratory system includes:

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures.

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43
Q

The lower respiratory system includes:

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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44
Q

The respiratory zone consists of:

A

Tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Includes: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and pulmonary alveoli.

45
Q

Tonsils are:

A

Immune/lymphatic tissue

46
Q

If you want to talk louder, you increase _______.

A

Amount of air going past the vocal cords.

47
Q

The trachea splits into:

A

Main (primary) bronchi
Lobar (secondary) bronchi
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

48
Q

Trachea is lined with:

A

Pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium

49
Q

Bronchi is lined with:

A

Pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium

50
Q

Oropharnx is lined with

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

51
Q

Alveoli is lined with:

A

Simple squamous epithelium

52
Q

Type I alveolar cell:

A

Composes the respiratory membrane

53
Q

Type II alveolar cell:

A

Makes surfactant to decrease surface tension in alveoli

54
Q

Alveolar macrophage:

A

Is a type of WBC that can phagocytize unwanted material and pathogens from the lungs.

55
Q

Bronchial artery:

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to ‘feed’ the lung tissue

56
Q

Bronchial vein:

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the lungs tissue back to the heart

57
Q

Internal respiration:

A

Moving gasses from systemic capillaries into the tissues (and cells).

58
Q

External respiration:

A

Moving gasses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries.

59
Q

Cellular respiration is:

A

Using oxygen (and glucose) to make carbon dioxide, water, and lots of energy

60
Q

Main force controlling pulmonary ventilation is:

A

The differences in atmospheric pressure and lung pressure.

61
Q

Air flows from:

A

High pressure to low pressure

62
Q

When the muscles of inspiration are contracting, that results in:

A

A drop in lung pressure

63
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

The amount of air in one normal breath.
Equal to IC - IRV

64
Q

Inspiration Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

The amount of additional air that you can breathe in after a normal breath.

65
Q

Expiration Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

The amount of additional air you can breathe out after a normal breath.

66
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after you have breathed out as much as possible.

67
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

The full amount of air that you can move in and out of the lungs.

68
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

The full amount of air in the lungs when they are fully inflated.

69
Q

What is the equation to find the Total Lung Capacity (TLC).

A

VC + RV = TLC (or)
IRV + TV + ERV + RV = TLC

70
Q

What is the equation for Vital Capacity (VC).

A

IRV + TV + ERV = VC

71
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure of one type of gas in the whole mixture of gasses.

72
Q

During external respiration:

A

Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries.

73
Q

During internal respiration:

A

Carbon dioxide moves from the systemic tissues into the systemic capillaries.

74
Q

What will happen if the air outside of our body contains higher than normal amounts of CO2.

A

The CO2 that is in our blood will be unable to leave due to the atmospheric pressure of CO2 being higher than the pressure in our lungs.

75
Q

What factors can increase the rate of gas exchange?

A

A shorter distance.
A smaller molecule size.
A larger difference in partial pressure of a gas between two areas.

76
Q

How does oxygen move?

A
  • On hemoglobin
  • Dissolved in plasma
77
Q

How does carbon dioxide move?

A
  • On hemoglobin
  • Dissolved in plasma
  • Bicarbonate ions.
78
Q

Breathing can be controlled by:

A

The cerebral cortex.

79
Q

What would increase the respiration rate?

A

High levels of CO2.
Increased stimulation from proprioceptors.

80
Q

When gases move between the alveolar compartments and the blood is known as:

A

External respiration

81
Q

Exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.

A

Internal respiration

82
Q

Carbon dioxide is created during:

A

Cellular respiration

83
Q

What structure keeps the trachea from collapsing?

A

Hyaline cartilage

84
Q

The terminal bronchioles are the last division of the conducting zone. (T or F)

A

True

85
Q

The oropharynx through the larynx above the vocal cords is composed of:

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

86
Q

The larynx below the vocal cords through the primary bronchi consists of:

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

87
Q

The end of the respiratory bronchiole through the alveoli is composed of:

A

Simple squamous epithelium

88
Q

Pseudosteatified ciliated columnar epithelium goblet cells secret mucus to trap and remove dust and debris. (T or F)

A

True

89
Q

The diffusion of respiratory gases is facilitated by:

A

Simple squamous epithelium

90
Q

Alveolar pressure has what characteristics?

A
  • Can be a negative/positive pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
  • As the volume of lungs increases, alveolar pressure decreases.
91
Q

When the lungs are in the rest phase of the breathing cycle:

A

The diaphragm is relaxed.
The alveolar pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

92
Q

During normal expiration the alveolar pressure:

A

Is greater than the atmospheric pressure.
Decreases until the pressure in the alveoli equals that if the atmosphere.

93
Q

The movement of air out of the lungs during normal expiration. Is a result of:

A

Passive elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs.

94
Q

The movement of air out of the lungs during forceful expiration is a result of:

A

The active contraction of the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles.

95
Q

Change in Tidal Volume corresponds with:

A

Decrease in Inspiratory Reserve Volume and Expiratory Reserve Volume

96
Q

What muscle depresses the ribs?

A

Internal intercostals

97
Q

What muscles elevates the ribs?

A

External intercostals

98
Q

The main inspiratory muscle is:

A

Diaphragm

99
Q

The intrapleural cavity volume during exhalation/inhalation:
The intrapleural cavity pressure:

A

Stays the same.
Stays the same.

100
Q

What is the carina?

A

Internal ridge formed from the last trachea cartilage.
Most sensitive area for triggering a cough reflex.

101
Q

What do bronchioles consist of?

A

Only have smooth muscle spiraled around them that can cause constriction.

102
Q

Cardiac Notch

A

Found only on the left lung where the heart lies.

103
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Where the bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.

104
Q

Rate of diffusion of a gas across the respiratory membrane increases as:

A

Partial pressure difference of the gas across the respiratory membrane increases.

105
Q

What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • moving air in and out of the lungs
  • providing gas exchange with the blood
  • transportation of gasses
  • adjusting pH of the blood
106
Q

The structure with opening to the eustachian tubes is the:

A

Nasopharnx

107
Q

The following are typical CO2 concentrations in various parts of the circulatory system. Which one is probably in blood leaving the lungs:
- 40 mmHg
- 45 mmHg

A

40 mmHg

108
Q

Factors that increase the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in systemic capillaries are:

A

High Temps
High Pco2
High CO

BIO 139 (2 decks)

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