Respiratory Flashcards
What are the functions of the nasal mucous membrane?
Moisten incoming air
Trap small particles
Warm incoming air
Nasal cavity is lined with:
Psuedostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium
Function of cilia is:
To move mucus toward the pharynx
What is the order of the pharynx from top to bottom?
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx
The palatine tonsils are found in the:
Oropharynx
The pharyngitis tonsils are found:
In the nasopharynx.
Another name for the voice box is:
Larynx
The thyroid cartilage is also known as:
The Adam’s apple
The pitch of the voice depends on:
Tension of the vocal cords.
Sympathetic stimulation to the smooth muscle tissue layer in the bronchitis causes:
Bronchodilation
Histamine causes:
Increased bronchial constriction
The parietal pleura:
Covers the inner surface of the thoracic cavity.
The serous fluid between the pleural membranes:
- Keeps the membranes together
- Prevents friction
The primary bronchi and the pulmonary blood vessels enter the lungs:
On the medial side.
Gases can be passed from bronchioles into capillaries. T or F
False
The alveolar-capillary membrane consists of:
Two layers of epithelial cells and two basement membranes
Surfactant is produced by:
Septal cells
The function of alveolar macrophages is:
To remove dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces.
The process of respiration includes:
- breathing
- external respiration
- internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation is another term for:
Breathing
For air to enter the lungs during inspiration:
The pressure inside the lungs must be lower than the atmospheric pressure.
Immediately after the creation of an opening through the thorax into the pleural cavity:
Air flows through the hole and into the pleural cavity.
What prevents the lungs from collapsing:
Surfactant
Pleural pressure
When a person exhales, which muscles are being used?
Resting:
-Passive due to elastic recoil
Active:
-Abdominal muscles
-Internal intercostals
When a person inhales, what muscles are being used?
Resting:
-Diaphragm
-External intercostals
Active:
-Sternocleidomastoid
-Scalene
-Pectoralis minor
When the diaphragm contracts it:
Moves down.
During sympathetic response, breathing rate:
Increases
Surfactant:
Lowers the surface tension of pulmonary alveolar fluid, which reduces the tendency of pulmonary alveoli to collapse and thus maintain patency.
Airway resistance is affected primarily by the:
Diameter of the bronchioles.
Gas exchange in the lungs happens by the process of:
Diffusion
Diffusion of gasses between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs is termed:
External respiration
Most oxygen in the blood is transported:
As oxyhemoglobin.
Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported:
As bicarbonate ions
Hemoglobin that has taken up oxygen is known as:
Oxyhemoglobin
Carbon monoxide poison is due to:
Preferential brings of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin.
??? Not sure if correct
What gas is diffused from the tissues to the blood?
Carbon dioxide.
Hemoglobin that has taken up carbon dioxide is known as:
Carbaminohemoglobin
Carbon dioxide is transported by 3 main forms.
- Dissolved CO2 - about 7%
- Carbamino compounds (carbaminohemoglobin)- 23%
- Bicarbonate ions - 70%
The respiratory center is located in the:
Brain stem
- In the medulla oblongata and the pons.
The gas that is the most important chemical regulator of respiration is:
CO2 because if present in excess it lowers the pH of body fluids.
Centers in the carotid arteries and aorta are:
Chemoreceptors
Upper respiratory system includes:
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures.
The lower respiratory system includes:
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
The respiratory zone consists of:
Tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Includes: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and pulmonary alveoli.
Tonsils are:
Immune/lymphatic tissue
If you want to talk louder, you increase _______.
Amount of air going past the vocal cords.
The trachea splits into:
Main (primary) bronchi
Lobar (secondary) bronchi
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Trachea is lined with:
Pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium
Bronchi is lined with:
Pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium
Oropharnx is lined with
Stratified squamous epithelium
Alveoli is lined with:
Simple squamous epithelium
Type I alveolar cell:
Composes the respiratory membrane
Type II alveolar cell:
Makes surfactant to decrease surface tension in alveoli
Alveolar macrophage:
Is a type of WBC that can phagocytize unwanted material and pathogens from the lungs.
Bronchial artery:
Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to ‘feed’ the lung tissue
Bronchial vein:
Carries deoxygenated blood from the lungs tissue back to the heart
Internal respiration:
Moving gasses from systemic capillaries into the tissues (and cells).
External respiration:
Moving gasses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries.
Cellular respiration is:
Using oxygen (and glucose) to make carbon dioxide, water, and lots of energy
Main force controlling pulmonary ventilation is:
The differences in atmospheric pressure and lung pressure.
Air flows from:
High pressure to low pressure
When the muscles of inspiration are contracting, that results in:
A drop in lung pressure
Tidal Volume (TV)
The amount of air in one normal breath.
Equal to IC - IRV
Inspiration Reserve Volume (IRV)
The amount of additional air that you can breathe in after a normal breath.
Expiration Reserve Volume (ERV)
The amount of additional air you can breathe out after a normal breath.
Residual Volume (RV)
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after you have breathed out as much as possible.
Vital Capacity (VC)
The full amount of air that you can move in and out of the lungs.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
The full amount of air in the lungs when they are fully inflated.
What is the equation to find the Total Lung Capacity (TLC).
VC + RV = TLC (or)
IRV + TV + ERV + RV = TLC
What is the equation for Vital Capacity (VC).
IRV + TV + ERV = VC
What is partial pressure?
The pressure of one type of gas in the whole mixture of gasses.
During external respiration:
Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries.
During internal respiration:
Carbon dioxide moves from the systemic tissues into the systemic capillaries.
What will happen if the air outside of our body contains higher than normal amounts of CO2.
The CO2 that is in our blood will be unable to leave due to the atmospheric pressure of CO2 being higher than the pressure in our lungs.
What factors can increase the rate of gas exchange?
A shorter distance.
A smaller molecule size.
A larger difference in partial pressure of a gas between two areas.
How does oxygen move?
- On hemoglobin
- Dissolved in plasma
How does carbon dioxide move?
- On hemoglobin
- Dissolved in plasma
- Bicarbonate ions.
Breathing can be controlled by:
The cerebral cortex.
What would increase the respiration rate?
High levels of CO2.
Increased stimulation from proprioceptors.
When gases move between the alveolar compartments and the blood is known as:
External respiration
Exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.
Internal respiration
Carbon dioxide is created during:
Cellular respiration
What structure keeps the trachea from collapsing?
Hyaline cartilage
The terminal bronchioles are the last division of the conducting zone. (T or F)
True
The oropharynx through the larynx above the vocal cords is composed of:
Stratified squamous epithelium
The larynx below the vocal cords through the primary bronchi consists of:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The end of the respiratory bronchiole through the alveoli is composed of:
Simple squamous epithelium
Pseudosteatified ciliated columnar epithelium goblet cells secret mucus to trap and remove dust and debris. (T or F)
True
The diffusion of respiratory gases is facilitated by:
Simple squamous epithelium
Alveolar pressure has what characteristics?
- Can be a negative/positive pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
- As the volume of lungs increases, alveolar pressure decreases.
When the lungs are in the rest phase of the breathing cycle:
The diaphragm is relaxed.
The alveolar pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
During normal expiration the alveolar pressure:
Is greater than the atmospheric pressure.
Decreases until the pressure in the alveoli equals that if the atmosphere.
The movement of air out of the lungs during normal expiration. Is a result of:
Passive elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs.
The movement of air out of the lungs during forceful expiration is a result of:
The active contraction of the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles.
Change in Tidal Volume corresponds with:
Decrease in Inspiratory Reserve Volume and Expiratory Reserve Volume
What muscle depresses the ribs?
Internal intercostals
What muscles elevates the ribs?
External intercostals
The main inspiratory muscle is:
Diaphragm
The intrapleural cavity volume during exhalation/inhalation:
The intrapleural cavity pressure:
Stays the same.
Stays the same.
What is the carina?
Internal ridge formed from the last trachea cartilage.
Most sensitive area for triggering a cough reflex.
What do bronchioles consist of?
Only have smooth muscle spiraled around them that can cause constriction.
Cardiac Notch
Found only on the left lung where the heart lies.
What is the hilum?
Where the bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.
Rate of diffusion of a gas across the respiratory membrane increases as:
Partial pressure difference of the gas across the respiratory membrane increases.
What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?
- moving air in and out of the lungs
- providing gas exchange with the blood
- transportation of gasses
- adjusting pH of the blood
The structure with opening to the eustachian tubes is the:
Nasopharnx
The following are typical CO2 concentrations in various parts of the circulatory system. Which one is probably in blood leaving the lungs:
- 40 mmHg
- 45 mmHg
40 mmHg
Factors that increase the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in systemic capillaries are:
High Temps
High Pco2
High CO
