Urinary Flashcards
what medications may cause hematura (blood in urine)?
anticoagulants
what drug can cause orange or orange-red urine?
phenazopyridine (a urinary tract analgesic)
what can turn the urine green or blue-green?
amitriptyline or B-complex vitamins
what medications can cause the urine to be brown or black?
L-dopa or injectable iron compounds
what causes urine to be cloudy?
Cloudiness observed in freshly voided urine is abnormal and may be due to the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, bacteria, vaginal discharge, sperm, or prostatic fluid. Urine also becomes cloudy as it stands and cools
pH range of urine
The normal pH is 5–6, with a range of 4.5–8
This is a measure of the density of the chemicals and particles in the urine and is a measure of the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. The normal range is 1.015–1.025
specific gravity
In the absence of kidney disease, what does a high specific gravity usually indicate?
Dehydration
what are the effects of aging on the urinary system?
- Decreased bladder muscle tone
- Decreased contractility-> increased risk of
retention-> increased risk of UTI - Neuromuscular problems-> functional
incontinence
How do diuretics affect urination?
Diuretics-> increased frequency,
increased urge
What are the effects of immobility for long periods of time?
Decreased bladder & sphincter tone
Poor control & urinary stasis
What can affect muscle tone of the bladder?
-Childbearing
-Menopause
-Trauma
-Immobility
-Indwelling catheters for prolonged time
What can cause AKI?
Over-diuresis, dye, HTN, sepsis
What are the common causes of CKD?
DM, HTN
ESRD - end stage renal disease
*Unable to excrete metabolic waste & regulate fluids & heart failure –> fluid retention & decreased urine output (electrolytes)
*Increased blood glucose –> increased urine output r/t osmotic diuretic
effect
ESRD- end stage renal dialysis
What medications can be nephrotoxic?
ASA (aspirin)
IBU (ibuprofen)
ABX (antibiotics)
How many mL of urine should you be producing every hour?
30-80mL
Routine UA
-10 mL
-Not sterile
-Void into clean appliance
-No feces or TP
-Note menstruating on lab
-Include on label: name, date, time
-Sent within 1 hour
How do collect urine from urinary diversion?
Specimens should never be obtained from urostomy appliance, you must catharize the stoma
What is the second most common infection leading to sepsis?
UTI
What are the risk factors for a UTI?
-women, sexually active women, urinary stasis
-indwelling cath - CAUTI
-DM r/t changes in body’s defense system
-older adults (enlarged prostate)
incontinence that occurs due to increased IAP (e.g. coughing, laughing, sneezing)
stress incontinence
Refers to the inability to reach a restroom in time due to physical or cognitive limitations, despite having normal bladder control
Functional incontinence
why would you place an indwelling catheter?
-Retention
-End of life
-Surgery
-Prolonged bed rest (immobility r/t spinal cord injury)
-Strict I’s&O’s of critically ill
-Perineal wounds
What is the purpose of a urologic stent?
Relieve obstructions - usually kidney stones
When do you irrigate a urologic stent?
NEVER
What do you look for when you assess a fistula?
-You feel for a “thrill” - a vibrating sensation that goes along with the pulse
-You listen for a “bruit” - swishing sound
A path created between an artery and a vein using flexible synthetic tube ->easy access to blood stream
Arteriovenous fistula
A machine used to filter toxins, fluid, electrolytes is connected to an arteriovenous fistula
hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
A type of renal replacement therapy used for treating end-stage renal disease. It involves placing a catheter in the abdomen to infuse and drain a dialysis solution called dialysate, which removes waste and excess fluid from the body. PD can be performed at home and offers flexibility in treatment timing. Potential complications include peritonitis, catheter-related issues, and metabolic imbalances
These ulcer often form on the outer side of the ankle, feet, heels, and toes
* Painful
* “Punched out” appearance
* Deep wound
* Hairless skin
* Cool to touch
Atrial uclers
slough vs eschar
Slough refers to soft, yellow or white tissue that is usually moist and often stringy in texture. Eschar, refers to dry, leathery, or crusty dead tissue that is often black, brown, or tan in color
when does the ability to concentrate urine develop?
6 weeks old
