Urinary

Question 1

what medications may cause hematura (blood in urine)?

Answer 1

anticoagulants

Question 2

what drug can cause orange or orange-red urine?

Answer 2

phenazopyridine (a urinary tract analgesic)

Question 3

what can turn the urine green or blue-green?

Answer 3

amitriptyline or B-complex vitamins

Question 4

what medications can cause the urine to be brown or black?

Answer 4

L-dopa or injectable iron compounds

Question 5

what causes urine to be cloudy?

Answer 5

Cloudiness observed in freshly voided urine is abnormal and may be due to the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, bacteria, vaginal discharge, sperm, or prostatic fluid. Urine also becomes cloudy as it stands and cools

Question 6

pH range of urine

Answer 6

The normal pH is 5–6, with a range of 4.5–8

Question 7

This is a measure of the density of the chemicals and particles in the urine and is a measure of the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. The normal range is 1.015–1.025

Answer 7

specific gravity

Question 8

In the absence of kidney disease, what does a high specific gravity usually indicate?

Answer 8

Dehydration

Question 9

what are the effects of aging on the urinary system?

Answer 9

• Decreased bladder muscle tone
• Decreased contractility-> increased risk of
  retention-> increased risk of UTI
• Neuromuscular problems-> functional
  incontinence

Question 10

How do diuretics affect urination?

Answer 10

Diuretics-> increased frequency,
increased urge

Question 11

What are the effects of immobility for long periods of time?

Answer 11

Decreased bladder & sphincter tone
Poor control & urinary stasis

Question 12

What can affect muscle tone of the bladder?

Answer 12

-Childbearing
-Menopause
-Trauma
-Immobility
-Indwelling catheters for prolonged time

Question 13

What can cause AKI?

Answer 13

Over-diuresis, dye, HTN, sepsis

Question 14

What are the common causes of CKD?

Answer 14

DM, HTN

Question 15

ESRD - end stage renal disease

Answer 15

*Unable to excrete metabolic waste & regulate fluids & heart failure –> fluid retention & decreased urine output (electrolytes)

*Increased blood glucose –> increased urine output r/t osmotic diuretic
effect
ESRD- end stage renal dialysis

Question 16

What medications can be nephrotoxic?

Answer 16

ASA (aspirin)
IBU (ibuprofen)
ABX (antibiotics)

Question 17

How many mL of urine should you be producing every hour?

Answer 17

30-80mL

Question 18

Routine UA

Answer 18

-10 mL
-Not sterile
-Void into clean appliance
-No feces or TP
-Note menstruating on lab
-Include on label: name, date, time
-Sent within 1 hour

Question 19

How do collect urine from urinary diversion?

Answer 19

Specimens should never be obtained from urostomy appliance, you must catharize the stoma

Question 20

What is the second most common infection leading to sepsis?

Answer 20

UTI

Question 21

What are the risk factors for a UTI?

Answer 21

-women, sexually active women, urinary stasis
-indwelling cath - CAUTI
-DM r/t changes in body’s defense system
-older adults (enlarged prostate)

Question 22

incontinence that occurs due to increased IAP (e.g. coughing, laughing, sneezing)

Answer 22

stress incontinence

Question 23

Refers to the inability to reach a restroom in time due to physical or cognitive limitations, despite having normal bladder control

Answer 23

Functional incontinence

Question 24

why would you place an indwelling catheter?

Answer 24

-Retention
-End of life
-Surgery
-Prolonged bed rest (immobility r/t spinal cord injury)
-Strict I’s&O’s of critically ill
-Perineal wounds

Question 25

What is the purpose of a urologic stent?

Answer 25

Relieve obstructions - usually kidney stones

Question 26

When do you irrigate a urologic stent?

Answer 26

NEVER

Question 27

What do you look for when you assess a fistula?

Answer 27

-You feel for a “thrill” - a vibrating sensation that goes along with the pulse
-You listen for a “bruit” - swishing sound

Question 28

A path created between an artery and a vein using flexible synthetic tube ->easy access to blood stream

Answer 28

Arteriovenous fistula

Question 29

A machine used to filter toxins, fluid, electrolytes is connected to an arteriovenous fistula

Answer 29

hemodialysis

Question 30

Peritoneal dialysis

Answer 30

A type of renal replacement therapy used for treating end-stage renal disease. It involves placing a catheter in the abdomen to infuse and drain a dialysis solution called dialysate, which removes waste and excess fluid from the body. PD can be performed at home and offers flexibility in treatment timing. Potential complications include peritonitis, catheter-related issues, and metabolic imbalances

Question 31

These ulcer often form on the outer side of the ankle, feet, heels, and toes
* Painful
* “Punched out” appearance
* Deep wound
* Hairless skin
* Cool to touch

Answer 31

Atrial uclers

Question 32

slough vs eschar

Answer 32

Slough refers to soft, yellow or white tissue that is usually moist and often stringy in texture. Eschar, refers to dry, leathery, or crusty dead tissue that is often black, brown, or tan in color

Question 33

when does the ability to concentrate urine develop?

Answer 33

6 weeks old