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Fundamentals of Nursing > Fluids & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluids & Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

What would you expect to find in a patient who has had nausea/vomiting for 4 days?

A

-Fluid Volume Deficit
-Weakness, lethargy
-Low BP, high HR
-Weak pulse (+1)
-Magnesium and potassium low
-Sodium may be elevated
-Decreased skin turgor

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2
Q

How many liters of fluid do we need in a day?

A

2-3L

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3
Q

Is 100 mL/hr good for replacement fluids?

A

No - good for maintenance, not for replacement

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4
Q

Normal range for potassium

A

3.5 - 5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)

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5
Q

Most important electrolytes to monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias

A

Magnesium and potassium

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6
Q

Normal range for magnesium levels

A

1.5-2.5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)

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7
Q

Extracellular fluid is made up of ______ and _____

A

Interstitial fluid (between cells) and Plasma (intravascular fluid)

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8
Q

Hypovolemia is caused by a loss of ____ and ___ in the same proportion in the extracellular fluid space

A

fluids and electrolytes

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9
Q

The _______ refers to the movement of fluid from the intravascular space (blood vessels) into the transcellular compartment, such as the pleural, peritoneal (ascites), or pericardial areas; joint cavities; the bowel; or an excess accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

The fluid has not been lost but is trapped in another body space for a period of time and is essentially unavailable for use

A

“third space shift”

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10
Q

Third space shift can cause ____volemia

A

hypo

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11
Q

What are two serious potential consequences of third space shift?

A

Dehydration
Hemorrhage

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12
Q

_____ refers to excess H20 and NaCl in ECF in near equal portion

A

Hypervolemia

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13
Q

Who is at high risk of fluid & electrolyte balances?

A

-Heart failure
-Critically ill
-Old/young
-Diarrhea
-Neuro r/t dehydration & malabsorption
-Trauma/burns

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14
Q

What conditions might cause depleted hemoglobin on a CBC?

A

Anemia, hemorrhage, hemolytic reaction

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15
Q

What conditions commonly cause elevated hematocrit?

A

Fluid volume deficit
Shock

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16
Q

What conditions commonly cause depleted hematocrit?

A

-Acute massive blood loss
-Fluid volume overload
-Hemolytic reaction

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17
Q

What conditions commonly cause elevated creatinine?

A

-Kidney damage or failure

-Heart failure
-Shock
-Dehydration
(All reduce blood flow to the kidneys)

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18
Q

What might cause elevated BUN?

A

Shock
Heart failure
DKA
burns

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19
Q

What is the normal range for urine pH?

A

4.6 - 8.2

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20
Q

What condition commonly causes low specific gravity (<1.005)?

A

Renal damage

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21
Q

What conditions commonly cause low urine pH?

A

Low k
Renal failure

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22
Q

What conditions cause high specific gravity?

A

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Heart failure

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23
Q

What conditions commonly cause high urine pH?

A

Low K
Renal failure

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24
Q

What foods are high in potassium?

A

Bananas
Citrus fruits
Apricots
Broccoli
Potatoes
Lima beans

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25
Q

What are some hypotonic solutions?

A

1/3 NS
1/2 NS

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26
Q

What tonicity do maintenance fluids have?

A

Hypotonic

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27
Q

What are common hypertonic solutions?

A

5% dextrose in LR
5% dextrose in NS

28
Q

Lymph is a type of _____ fluid

A

interstitial

29
Q

_____ fluids include cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial, intraocular, and pleural fluids, as well as sweat and digestive secretions.

A

Transcellular

30
Q

Substances that are capable of breaking into particles called ions

A

Electrolytes

31
Q

Major electrolytes in the ECF include _____, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate.

A

sodium

32
Q

Major electrolytes in the ICF include _____, phosphorus, and magnesium

A

potassium

33
Q

The concentration of particles in a solution, or its pulling power, is referred to as the _____ of a solution

A

osmolarity

34
Q

Plasma proteins, particularly albumin, facilitate reabsorption by “pulling” the fluid back into the capillaries. This “pulling” force is known as ______ _______ _________

A

colloid osmotic pressure

35
Q

_____ pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a fluid against the walls of its container. In the context of capillaries, it’s the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the capillary vessels.

A

Hydrostatic

36
Q

Fluid volume deficit (FVD) is caused by a loss of both water and solutes in the same proportion from the ECF space. This state is commonly known as ______ or isotonic fluid loss.

A

hypovolemia

37
Q

A ____ weight loss caused by fluid deficiency usually is life threatening.

A

15%

38
Q

Causes of third-space shift

A

severe burn, a bowel obstruction, surgical procedures, pancreatitis, ascites, or sepsis

39
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space is known as _____.

A

edema

40
Q

Although the body attempts to maintain normal balance in all fluid spaces, the _____ fluid is usually protected at the expense of interstitial fluid and ICF.

A

intravascular

41
Q

most abundant electrolyte in the ECF

A

sodium

42
Q

_______ is the major intracellular electrolyte

A

potassium

43
Q

______ is the most abundant intracellular cation after potassium

A

Magnesium

44
Q

Respiratory ______ is caused by hyperventilation

A

alkalosis

45
Q

Any decrease in alveolar ventilation that results in retention of carbon dioxide can cause respiratory ______.

A

acidosis

46
Q

In metabolic _____, the respirations become slow and shallow, and periods of no breathing may occur.

A

alkalosis

47
Q

Patients at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances

A

-Acute and chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, renal failure)
-Abnormal losses of body fluids (e.g., prolonged or severe vomiting or diarrhea, draining wounds, fistulas).
-Burns
-Trauma
-Surgery
-Therapies that may disrupt fluid and electrolyte balance, e.g., medications such as diuretics and steroids, and treatments such as IV therapy and PN

48
Q

_____ hematocrit values: found in severe fluid volume deficit and shock (when hemoconcentration rises considerably)

A

Increased

49
Q

_______ hematocrit values: found with acute, massive blood loss, and with hemolytic reaction after transfusion of incompatible blood or with fluid overload

A

Decreased

50
Q

_______ levels of hemoglobin: found in hemoconcentration of the blood

A

Increased

51
Q

_____ levels of hemoglobin: found with anemia states, severe hemorrhage, and after a hemolytic reaction

A

Decreased

52
Q

_____ creatinine: found with impaired renal function, heart failure, shock, dehydration

A

Increased

53
Q

______ BUN: found with impaired renal function (such as associated with shock, heart failure, salt and water depletion), diabetic ketoacidosis, burns

A

Increased

54
Q

medications or treatments that might disrupt fluid and electrolyte balance

A

steroids, diuretics, parenteral nutrition, dialysis

55
Q

Both the urine pH and specific gravity may be obtained by _____ measurement, using a fresh voided specimen or through laboratory analysis.

A

dipstick

56
Q

____ than normal urinary pH can occur with respiratory alkalosis, potassium depletion, and chronic renal failure.

A

Higher

57
Q

____ ______ is a measure of the urine’s concentration.

A

Specific gravity

58
Q

_____ than normal urinary pH can occur with metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketosis, and diarrhea.

A

Lower

59
Q

The pH of urine usually ranges between ____ and _____

A

4.6 and 8.2

60
Q

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

A

BUN is a waste product generated when the body breaks down proteins, and it is eliminated by the kidneys through urine

61
Q

LR and NS (0.9%)

A

Isotonic solutions

62
Q

5% dextrose in LR
5% dextrose in NS

are ______ solutions

A

Hypertonic

63
Q

What kind of tonicity do you want to replace electrolytes?

A

Hypertonic

64
Q

What kind of solution do you use to treat Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)?

A

Hypertonic (to correct hyponatremia)

65
Q

laboratory tests commonly used to determine the adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation, as well as in the assessment and treatment of acid–base imbalance

A

ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases)

66
Q

How do you use phlebitis scale?

A

0 - none
1 - erythema
2 - edema
3 - streak/cord
4 - cord > 1 inch, purulent

Fundamentals of Nursing (9 decks)

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