Urinary Flashcards
What is azotemia
increase in concentration of non-protein nitrogenous compounds (urea, creatinine) in the blood above normal levels. can be due to renal or non-renal causes
what is uremia
azotemia with clinical signs of polysystemic consequences of renal failure. It is a clinical syndrome
What is renal disease
functional or morphological impairment of both kidneys, irrespective of extent. May regress, remain stable or progress. NOT renal insufficiency or failure
What is renal insufficiency
exists when the kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilate urine is impaired as a result of underlying renal disease. Only when 2/3 of total functional nephrons irreversibly damaged
What is renal failure
clinical syndrome that occurs when kidneys are no longer able to maintain their regulatory, excretory and endocrine functions, resulting in retention of nitrogenous wastesa and derangements of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis. Renal failure can be classified as acute or chronic, based on time course and whether reversible or not
What is acute renal renal failure
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What is acute renal renal failure
rapid onset of azotemia associated with renal pareencymal dz/injury over hours to days.
What are the clinical signs of acute renal failure?
- oliguria/anuria (most cases)
- declining GFR
- rapid increase in azotemia, acidemia, electrolyte disturbances like hyperkalemia
- absence of anemia
- normal function prior to onset of illness
Is acute renal failure reversible?
potentially
What is chronic renal failure?
gradual onset of azotemia caused by renal parenchyma disease or injury that occurs over a prlonged duration of monts to years. Results in irreversible renal structural lesions
What is seen clinically with chronic renal failure?
- gradual onset of PU/PD
- anemia
- gradually worsening azotemia
- kidneys small and irregular
- may be exacerbated by prerenal and postrenal factors
What is nephritis?
inflammation within the kidneys
What is nephropathy?
developmental or degenerative pathological process in the kidney
What is nephrotic syndrome?
disease affecting the glomerulus and characterized by
- proteinuria without inflam urinary sediment
- hypoalbuminemia
- hypocholesterolemia
- accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissues or body cavities
What are two main categories of glomerular disease?
glomerulonephritis and amyloidosis
What
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What is dysuria?
Painful or difficult urination
What is stranguria?
Slow or painful urination with signs of straining
What is pyuria
the presence of excessive numbers of white blood cells in the urine (>0-3)
What is pollakiuria?
frequent urination, usually small amounts
What is hematuria
Blood in the urine. May be macroscopic or microscopic
What is incontinence?
loss of voluntary control of urination
What is proteinuria?
Presence of increased amounts of protein in the urine
What is polyuria?
increased volume of urination >2ml/kg/hr (>50ml/kg/d)