Large animal GI Flashcards
What are 8 important questions for ruminant GI disease history?
- housing
- diet
- production-related problems
- previous illness
- single animal or multiple affected
- feed intake
- deworming
- previous treatments
What are 5 parts of signalment in ruminants?
- breed
- age
- gender
- intended use (stage of production)
- body condition (in sheep have to touch!)
What is important to do for every dairy cow?
urinalysis
CMT
+/- repro exam if calved recently
When do you see clinical signs of dehydration? What level of dehydration is deadly?
> 5%, >12%
Why may an abdomen be distended?
- gas
- fluid
- impacted material
a. rumen
b. abomasum
(occasionally omasum)
What is ballotment?
A palpatory technique for detecting or examining an organ not near the surface of the body: in this case
What can be detected by ballottment
- fluid due to
a. GI stasis
b. peritoneal fluid
c. ruptured bladder
What is ballotment?
A palpatory technique for detecting or examining an organ not near the surface of the body
What can be detected by ballottment
- fluid due to
a. GI stasis
b. peritoneal fluid
c. ruptured bladder - mass
a. feed impaction
b. fetus
c. tumor
What are two methods to look at pain response (indication of traumatic reticuloperitonitis)
- withers pinch test
- ballottment or pressure over xiphoid region
for both listen over trachea for a grunt
How many times does the rumen contract per minute?
1.5-3/minute
What is succussion?
ballotting while auscultating–can hear fluid sounds (sloshing, splashing)
What causes a ping on the left?
an LDA
What causes a ping on the right. What do they sound like?
- spiral colon causes a small dull ping
- RDA causes a more metallic ping and extends more cranially past the last rib
- cecal distention: may cause a bit of a metallic ping
Why is rumen palpation done?
to examine rumen layering
What can be detected by rectal palpation
- presence of feces and consistency/volume
- rumen
- left kidney
- intestinal tract
- masses
- gas distension
- fluid
- volvulus
(9. maybe RDA)
What are 7 clinical pathology tests that can be done?
- CBC (inflam)
- biochemistry (electrolyte imbalances)
- blood gas
- urinalysis
- rumen fluid analysis
- paracentesis
What are two 2 reasons to do fecal examination?
- diagnosis
2. disease control (salmonella)
What are 5 characteristics of feces that can be determined?
- consistency
- colour
- particle size
- foreign material
- parasites
What are 4 tests that can be done on feces to get a diagnosis of diarrhea?
- culture
- PCR
- toxin assay
- fecal egg count
What are 4 reasons to tube a ruminant?
- relieve bloat
- administer fluid
3.
What are 4 reasons to tube a ruminant?
- relieve bloat
- administer fluid
- transfaunation
- collect fluid
What is the colour, consistency, odor, pH, protozoal activiy, gram stain, chloride concentration of rumen
- olive, brownish green
- slightly viscous
- aromatic, strong odor
- multiple forms, active motion
- predominantly gram negative
6.
Paracentesis can be used to diagnose what? Is it always useful?
- diagnose peritonitis
2. may or may not be useful because the peritonitis can be walled off
