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Intro To MLT > Urinalysis final exam > Flashcards

Urinalysis final exam Flashcards

1
Q

name 4 reasons amniotic fluid is collected during pregnancy.

A
  • genetic disorders
  • assess fetal pulmonary maturity
  • pedicting hemolytic disease
  • sex determination
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2
Q

If an amniotic fluid is collected early in pregnancy, it is most likely being collected to determine what?

A

genetic and congenital disorders

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3
Q

What is the definition of oligohydraminos?

A

abnormally decreased amounts of amniotic fluid

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4
Q

What would be the reason for protecting amniotic fluid from light?

A

to protect bili from light

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5
Q

When present in amniotic fluid, fetal cells are adversely affected by what?

A

refrigeration

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6
Q

Physical examination of amniotic fluid (i.e. color, turbidity)

A
  • Normal-colorless *Early- little particulate matter
  • bilirubin-yellow or amber *later stage more particulate
  • meconium-green
  • blood-pinkish
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7
Q

4 tests done to evaluate the surfactants present to the fetal pulmonary system.

A
  • L/S
  • phosphatidylglycerol (PG)
  • Foam stability index (FSI)
  • mircroviscocity
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8
Q

Fetal lung maturity comparing L/S and PG determiniation what would indicate lung maturity?

A

L/S >2 affected by blood and meconium

PG present- not affected by blood and meconium

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9
Q

3 biochemical tests used to evaluate the secretory function of the prostate?

A

Zinc, citric acid and acid phosphates

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10
Q

biochemical test that positively identifies seminal fluid and is useful in cases of sexual assult?

A

acid phosphate can positively identify a fluid as seminal fluid

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11
Q

4 reasons semen analysis is ordered?

A
  • evaluate fertility
  • follow-up vasectomy
  • quality for donation
  • forensic applications
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12
Q

which structures contribute secretions to seminal fluid?

A
  • seminal fluid
  • prostate gland
  • testies
  • epididimas
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13
Q

What is a normal seminal fluid concentration?

A

20-250 million/ml

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14
Q

Is normal seminal fluid concentration constant in an individual?

A

no

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15
Q

what factors might influence seminal fluid concentration?

A

abstinence, viral infections and stress

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16
Q

Is concentration of seminal fluid the most important factor in determining infertility?

A

actual # is not important for fertility purposes

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17
Q

What percentage of sperm with normal morphology is considered normal or acceptable?

A

50%

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18
Q

How is sperm morphology determined?

A

smears of fresh semen

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19
Q

What parameter of a semen analysis is directly related to and provides a check of the motility evaluation and how?

A

viability

*distinguishes between dead and non-motile

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20
Q

What is the normal pH of seminal fluid?

A

7.2-7.8

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21
Q

What might a pH of < 7.2 in seminal fluid indicate?

A

abnormality of the epididymis, vas defernes, or seminal vesicles

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22
Q

What might a pH of > 7.8 in seminal fluid indicate?

A

indication of infection in the male reproductive track

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23
Q

What is the primary function of seminal fluid?

A

transports spermatozoa

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24
Q

Requirements for the collection of a specimen for semen analysis.

A
  • abstinence 2 days
  • recieved within an hour
  • collect through masterbation in a sterile cup
  • 2 specimens in a 3 month period 7 days apart
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25
Q

What is the normal length (mins) for a semen to liquefy?

A

30 mins

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26
Q

After semen liquefies the viscosity closely resembles that of what other fluid?..

A

water

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27
Q

What would be considered abnormal liquefaction of semen?

A

*takes longer than 60 mins

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28
Q

motility should be evaluated within how many mins following collection?

A

60 mins

29
Q

color, clarity, viscosity, and clot formation of normal synovial fluid.

A

color: pale yellow-colorless
clarity: clear
viscosity; very viscous due to protein
clot formation: no clots

30
Q

Is fibrinogen a normal constituent of normal synovial fluid?

A

no, its due to damage to synovial membrane or blood from traumatic tap

31
Q

Does hyaluronate affect the turbidity of a synovial fluid specimen?

A

no

32
Q

Things that may cause synovial fluid to be turbid in appearance.

A

WBC’s
RBC’s
fat droplets
cellular debris

33
Q

What should a synovial fluid be examined ASAP?

A

crystals can break down or WBCS can Phagocytize crystals

34
Q

Which component of synovial fluid if present might be adversely affected by a delay in examination?

A

Crystals

35
Q

For microscopic purposes synovial fluid should be placed in a tube containing what anticoagulant?

A

Sodium heparin

36
Q

Why should other anticoagulants be avoided for synovial fluid microscopic examination?

A

to avoid artifacts

37
Q

What should synovial fluid be diluted with should it need to be for microscopic examination?

A

0.85% saline

38
Q

A joint disease process is indicated by what?

A

neutrophils > 25%

39
Q

What type of microscopy differentiates synovial fluid crystals based on their birefringence? How?

A
  • compensated polar microscopy
  • differentiation of + and - birefringence substances based on different colors produced when crystals are parallel and perpendicular to its axis(yellow or blue)
40
Q

Indicators of a synovial fluid being classified as septic?

A
  • greater than 40 mg/dL plasma/ synovial glucose difference increases
  • yellow-green
  • low viscoscity
  • high WBC count
  • cloudy
41
Q

Which crystal is usually seen in patient with gout?

A

monosodium urates (MSU)

42
Q

Are monosodium urate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, and cholesterol crystals all birefringent?

A

.yes

43
Q

Which analytes are present in synovial fluid at concentrations equal to blood plasma levels?

A

glucose and uric acid

44
Q

If a bloody CSF fluid is recieved in the lab, what are some steps to take to determine if it is a traumatic tap or the patient has actually had a hemorrhage?

A

clear after centrifuge=traumatic tap

xanthochromic supernatant after centrifuge (yellow)=hemorrhage

45
Q

xanthochromia

A

yellow discoloration

subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrahage

46
Q

Does fibrinogen NORMALLY pass through the blood-brain barrier?

A

no

47
Q

first tube collected in lumbar puncture procedure should be used for what type of testing?

A

chemical and immunologic testing

48
Q

a predominance of lymphocytes within CSF indicates which type of meningitis?

A

viral

49
Q

Normal ranges for glucose and protein in a normal CSF?

A

glucose: 50-80 mg/Dl
protein: 15-45 mg/Dl

50
Q

CSF decreased glucose and incresed protein indicate what?

A

meningitis

51
Q

the amount of glucose in CSF is approximately_______% or ________ of the plasma concentration.

A

60-70%

2/3

52
Q

pleocytosis as related to CSF?

A

increase in # of cells

53
Q

Does an increased number of leukocytes within CSF cause xanthochromia?

A

no

54
Q

An uneven distribution of blood in the CSF collection tubes most likely indicates what?

A

traumatic tap

55
Q

Normal CSF WBC cell counts for adults

A

0-5 cells/ microliter

56
Q

Normal CSF WBC cell counts for children

A

0-10cells/ microliter

57
Q

Normal CSF WBC cell counts for newborns

A

up to 30 cells/microliter

58
Q

In adult CSF cell counts what 2 cell types are considered normal if seen in the fluid?

A

lymphs and monos

59
Q

a predominance of neutrophils within CSF indicates what type of meningitis?

A

bacteral

60
Q

What is normal range for lactate in CSF?

A

10-22 mg/Dl

61
Q

Normal lactate levels are often found in patients with what type of meningitis?

A

viral

62
Q

What procedure frequently provides a rapid presumptive diagnosis of bacterial meningitis?

A

microscopic exam

63
Q

What do the 3 zones mean?

A
  1. normal hemolysis
  2. moderate hemolysis
  3. severe hemolysis
64
Q

testing fructose in seminal fluid reflects the secretory function of the ______ ______ as well as the functional integrity of the ______ _______ and _______ _______.

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • vas deferens
65
Q

Transudates

A
  • non-inflammatory
  • decrease that causes either an increase in hydrostatic pressure or a decrease in the plasma oncotic pressure in the membrane capillaries
66
Q

Transudates clarity, does it clot, luekocyte count and SG

A
  • clear
  • No clots
  • < 1000 Leukocytes(pleural)
  • <1.015
67
Q

Exudates

A
  • inflammatory

* increase capillary permeability in the membrane or decrease the absorption of the fluid by the lymphatic system.

68
Q

Exudates clarity, does it clot, luekocyte count and SG

A
  • cloudy
  • > 1000 cells (pleural)
  • > 500 cells (peritoneal)
  • SG >1.015

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