Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro To MLT > Urinalysis exam 2 > Flashcards

Urinalysis exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the pH of urine relate to its hydrogen ion concentration?

A

There is an inversely proportional relationship between the number of hydrogen ions in solution and the numerical value for pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ketone bodies in the urine are suggestive of elevated ________ metabolism.

A

fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes myoglobinuria?

A

muscle disorder, muscle trauma, severe crush injury

*extensive muscle injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the general purpose of test strip screening?

A

Provide info as to whether or not pathological concentrations of substances are present in the urine, and if further clinical testing is necessary in order to confirm a diagnosis suggested by the findings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What color is a (+) positive nitrite on the dipstick?

A

pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What substance is most likely to be present in urine that could have a false (=) negative reaction on the dipstick for glucose?

A

ascorbic acid(vitamin C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the SSA used for?

A

*confirm protein in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what test is used for detecting reducing sugars in the urine? What would be expected in the microscopic examination?

A
  • clinitest

* nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two dipstick reactions are usually (+) positive in pyelonephritits and cystitis?

A
  • nitrites

* leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name several conditions that could be indicated by an elevated urinary urobilinogen.

A

liver disease (ie: hepatitis, cirrhosis) or hemolytic states (ie: pernicious anemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name several conditions that can cause hemoglobinuria.

A

intravascular hemolysis conditions (ie: transfusion rxn), extensive burns, strenuous exercise, injury, hemolytic anemia, PNH-paroxysmal nocuturnal hemoglobinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is specificity (as related to dipstick reactions)?

A

Ability of each test zone to react to a certain substance and being tested and to no other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The test pad for ketone bodies detects_________?

A

acetoacetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the principal of the dipstick method for protein?

A

uses protein error of indicators principle - tetrabromphenol blue-buffered @ constant pH 3.0.
Without proteins: yellow
In the presence of proteins: H+ are released by the indicator dye & cause color change (yellow-green to blue-green)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What unusual urinary protein is associated with multiple myeloma?

A

Bence-Jones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What sugar (especially in infants) is most likely indicated by a (=) negative dipstick reaction for glucose but a (+) clinitest?

A

galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What specimen is used to detect orthostatic proteinuria? When would you suspect this condition?

A

First morning specimen followed 2 hrs later after being erect/upright for that time; suspect in young children &
adolescence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the active ingredient in Ehrlichs’s reagent?

A

paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the reagent used to detect bilirubin in the icotest?

A

2,4-dichlorobenzene diazonium tetrachlorozincate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The reagent strip for hemoglobin detects _____,______ and _________.

A

free hemoglobin, myoglobin, intact RBC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the action of the enzyme peroxidase?

A

*sudoperoxidase activity catalyzes oxidation reaction of 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine by oxygen released from peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is there normally no glucose in the urine?

A

All filtered glucose is reabsorbed in distal convoluted tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the advantage of using phase contrast micorscopy in the examination of urinary sediment? How does this elate to the refractive index?

A
  • unstained components and casts

* refractive index is similar to urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the use of the polarizing microscope in urine microscopics?

A

Detection of birefringent substances (lipids & crystals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cells are recorded as number per _____ power field.

A

High (40X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many fields should be examined in a microscope exam?

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the most common type of WBC found in urinary sediment?

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Casts in urine are usually accompanied by a (+) test for ______?

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Casts containing cells indicate problems in what part of the urinary tract?

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where are the transitional epithelial cells found?

A

Renal pelvis & calyces, ureters, bladder, 2/3 of male urethra

31
Q

Amorphous phosphates are found in urine of what pH?

A

alkaline

32
Q

What disease is indicated when tyrosine and leucine are found in the urine?

A

liver disease

33
Q

Nephrotic syndorme is charactized by______and_______.

A

proteinuria & lipiduria

34
Q

casts which have at least two distinct components are called ________ casts.

A

mixed

35
Q

Casts shoud be reported as the number per _____power field.

A

low (10X)

36
Q

Which WBC is most likely to be found in a transplant rejection?

A

lymphocytes

37
Q

In what specific portions of the nephron are casts formed?

A

In the lumen of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts.

38
Q

In what type of diseases (in general) are RBC casts found?

A

where the basement membrane of glomerulus is damaged - intrinsic renal disease.

39
Q

What specific type of epithelial cells are found in epithelial cell casts?

A

renal tubular

40
Q

Glitter cells are associated with urine of ______ specific gravity.

A

low

41
Q

What type of epithelial cells are indicative of vaginal contamination?

A

squamous epi

42
Q

Calcium oxalate crystals are normally found in ______ pH urine.

A

acidic

43
Q

What condition is indicated by large numbers of uric acid crystals?

A

gout

44
Q

Candida Albicans (a yeast) is often found in the urine of patients with what?

A

diabetes mellitus

45
Q

If flat, hexagonal, colorless crystals are found in urine, what constituent is suggested? What should the technologist do prior to reporting out these abnormal crystals?

A

Cystine; chemical confirmation for cystine

46
Q

How can RBC and yeast be differentiated

A

add acetic acid & RBC’s will lyse

47
Q

what is the appearance of waxy casts?

A

high refractive index, edges defined, sharp, blunt or uneven ends, cracks or fissures, irregular shapes

48
Q

Name several organisms whose urinary presence indicates contamination

A

yeast, trichomonas, parasites, squamous

49
Q

the order for the aging process of casts is ______, _______,______ and _________.

A
  1. cellular
  2. coarse granular
  3. fine granular
  4. waxy
50
Q

What is the term for the presence of elevated numbers of casts in urine?

A

cylindruria

51
Q

How can a precipitate of amorphous phosphate be removed? What about amorphous urates?

A
  • Phosphates: dissolved in acetic acid.

* Urates: alkali or heated to 60C.

52
Q

What would be the appearance of RBC in hypertonic urine?

A

crenated

53
Q

Can the mulistix detect a negative bilirubin?

A

no(lowest is 0.2)

54
Q

How would you interpret a (=) nitrate but a (+) bacteria?

A

does not reduce nitrate to nitrite; no nitrates in the diet; urine may have been collected prematurely

55
Q

what happens if you dip the reagent strip too much?

A
  • the test on the pads could run together

* leeching or runover of reagents

56
Q

What type of casts may be found in the urine of a normal pH?

A

hylaine in low #’s

57
Q

What are shadow cells?

A

These are cells that have lost their hemoglobin.

58
Q

What is the significance of the shape and size of a cast?

A

identifies what type it is

59
Q

Urine for testing should always be at _____ temp.

A

room

60
Q

How does the Watson-Schwarz test differentiatie between urobilinogen and prophobilinogen?

A

Solubility; urobilinogen soluble in chloroform & butanol Porphobilinogen soluble in aqueous layer.

61
Q

What is the principle of the automated instruments for a dipstick reading?

A

reflectance photometry

62
Q

Why do we use the refractometer for specific gravity rather than the dipstick?

A

It detects both ionic solutes (radiographic dyes, protein, glucose, urea) and non-ionic solutes. Dipstick is ionic only.

63
Q

Glucose in the urine is referred to as ______ or ________.

A

glycosuria & glucosuria

64
Q

The two different forms of blood in the urine are described as _____ and ______.

A

hematuria and hemoglobinuria

65
Q

What reagent is used to differentiate urinary hemoglobin and myoglobin?

A

ammonium sulfate; myoglobin does not precipitate out/hemoglobin does

66
Q

What is the normal range for urinary urobliliongen?

A

0.1 to 1.0 mg/dL

67
Q

Which test is the most sensitive for bilirubin?

A

ictotest

68
Q

what is ketonuria?

A

excess ketones in urine, body using fat for energy

69
Q

Glucose reagent strip reaction

A

Glucose + O2 —> gluconic acid + H2O2

glucose and oxidase catalysts

70
Q

Potassium iodide dipstick reagent reaction

A

H2O2 + Chromogen —> oxidized chromogen + H2O

Peroxidase is catalyst

71
Q

Pt vomiting; cant keep food in – expect to see

A

ketones

72
Q

Possibilities for blood in urine

A

trauma, tumors, stones, glomerulonephritis, exercise, smoking, pylonephritis, myoglobin

73
Q

If blood on dipstick you want to differentiate b/w hemoglobin and myoglobin. why

A

ammonium sulfate

Intro To MLT (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions