Urinalysis & Examinations Flashcards
What are the two main types of urinalysis?
Dipstick analysis and microscopy
What parameters are assessed in dipstick urinalysis?
- Leukocytes
- Ketones
- pH
- Nitrites (bacteria)
- Specific gravity
- Glucose
- Microalbuminuria (albumin)
What parameters are assessed in urine microscopy?
- Volume / Colour / Odour
- Leukocytes
- Urobilinogen bilirubin
- Erythrocytes
- Casts (molecules)
- Bacteria
- Protein
Fill in the blank: Urinalysis can be divided into _______ analysis and microscopy.
[dipstick]
True or False: Urinalysis can help check for early diabetes.
True
What does specific gravity measure in urinalysis?
How concentrated (osmolarity)
What is the significance of detecting nitrites in urinalysis?
Indicates presence of bacteria, UTI
Which parameter in urine microscopy can indicate kidney issues?
Casts (molecules)
What is microalbuminuria an indicator of?
Early diabetes or kidney disease
Which substance in urine microscopy can indicate bleeding?
Erythrocytes
What might a high level of ketones in urine indicate?
Diabetes or starvation
What does specific gravity measure in urine?
Concentration of urine
Specific gravity can indicate hydration status and kidney function.
What is a primary indication for urinalysis?
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Urinalysis is commonly used to diagnose UTIs.
What are leukocytes in urine indicative of?
Possible urinary tract infection (UTI)
Presence of leukocytes often suggests an inflammatory response.
What can the presence of ketones in urine indicate?
Keto-acidosis or ketone diet
Ketones are produced during fat metabolism, often seen in uncontrolled diabetes.
What does the presence of nitrites in urine suggest?
Bacterial infection
Certain bacteria convert nitrates to nitrites, indicating a UTI.
What does urobilinogen in urine indicate?
Liver pathology
Abnormal levels can suggest liver disease or hemolysis.
What does the presence of erythrocytes in urine signify?
Possible kidney disease or injury
Blood in urine can indicate various conditions, including stones or tumors.
What does protein in urine suggest?
Kidney disease or nephron disease
Proteinuria can indicate damage to the kidney filtering system.
What is a common threshold for glucose in urine?
9 mmol/L
Glucosuria can indicate diabetes mellitus or excessive carbohydrate intake.
What does an increase in specific gravity suggest?
Dehydration
High specific gravity indicates concentrated urine, often due to low fluid intake.
What is microalbuminuria a sign of?
Early kidney disease
Microalbuminuria is an early indicator of nephropathy, especially in diabetes.
Fill in the blank: Urinalysis can help identify _______ as a complication of diabetes mellitus.
Keto-acidosis
True or False: The presence of casts in urine can indicate kidney disease.
True
Casts are formed in the renal tubules and can indicate various kidney conditions.
What is the term for painful, burning urination?
Dysuria
Dysuria is characterized by discomfort during urination.
What does polyuria refer to?
Large quantity of urine
Polyuria indicates an increased urine output.
What is the definition of oliguria?
Little urine (<400ml/day)
Oliguria is a condition where urine output is significantly reduced.
What does anuria mean?
No urine
Anuria is a severe condition where the kidneys produce little to no urine.
What is proteinuria?
Protein in the urine - it’s frothy
Proteinuria can indicate kidney damage or disease.
What does bacteriuria refer to?
Bacteria in the urine
Bacteriuria may suggest a urinary tract infection (UTI).
What is nocturia?
Night urination (waking to urinate)
Nocturia can disrupt sleep and may indicate underlying health issues.
What does haematuria mean?
Blood in the urine
Haematuria can be a sign of various medical conditions, including infections or tumors.
What does eGFR stand for?
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
eGFR is a test used to check kidney function.
Name two medical examinations used to assess renal function.
- Ultrasound
- Renal arteriography
These examinations help visualize kidney structures and blood flow.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a test that measures the rate of filtration by the kidneys.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
GFR is crucial for assessing kidney health.
What is the purpose of a cystoscopy?
To visualize the bladder using a camera
Cystoscopy is performed to examine bladder conditions.
True or False: Creatinine is a marker used in renal function tests.
True
Creatinine levels help assess kidney efficiency.
List three inflammatory markers used in renal examinations.
- ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
- Leukocytes
These markers help identify inflammation in the body.
What imaging technique can be used for detecting ureteric obstruction?
CT scan
CT scans provide detailed images of the urinary tract.
What is the significance of measuring electrolytes in renal function tests?
To assess the balance of minerals in the body
Electrolytes such as sodium and potassium are critical for kidney function.
Fill in the blank: A blood test for urea helps to evaluate _______ function.
kidney
Urea levels indicate how well the kidneys are filtering waste.
What role does MRI play in renal examinations?
To assess for malignancy
MRI provides detailed images that can help detect tumors.
Name a common non-invasive method to check kidney structure.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the kidneys.
