urinalysis definitions Flashcards
anuria
the absence of urine formation and elimination from the body
asymptomatic
not showing symptomes
bacteriuria
bacteria in the urine
bilirubinuria
- the presence of bilirubin in urine
- implies an abnormal amount of bilirubin (will show positive on the dipstick)
crystalluria
- crystals in the urine
Dysuria
painful urination or the animal’s straining to urinate
enzyme
a protein formed in living cells or manufactured synthetically, which assists chemical processes
FLUTD
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disorder
- prevalent in male cats
- large crystals or uroliths obstruct the urethra and cause the inability of the cat to excrete urine
glucosuria
- the presence of glucose in the urine (implies an abnormal amount)
- can be seen on the dipstick
gross hematuria
- hematuria that is visually obvious
- urine has a red or reddish-brown tinge
hematuria
- the presence of blood or intact RBCs in the urine
- if urine is alkaline or has a low specific gravity (<1.007), the BRCs could lyse
hemoglobin
the oxygen-carrying pigment of the RBCs
hemoglobinuria
the presence of hemoglobin in the urine as a result of intravascular hemolysis
hypertonic
high specific gravity / concentration
hypotonic
low specific gravity / concentration
iatrogenic
man-made; resulting from the actions of treatment
idiopathic
self-originated; occurring without cause
isosthenuria
- urine with a specific gravity between 1.008-1.012
- this is considered to be the same as the specific gravity of the plasma and glomerular filtrate
- urine with this specific gravity is considered unchanged by the kidney
- if this is a consistent finding, it indicates renal failure
- usually, the kidney will lose the ability to concentrate urine before losing the ability to dilute it (lower than 1.008 indicates that the kidney has influenced the concentration of the glomerular filtrate)
microhematuria
- is hematuria that is not visually discernable but can be found on chemical and microscopic exam
- urine is a normal shade of yellow but positive for RBCs on dipstick
myoglobin
the oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle
myoglobinuria
- the presence of myoglobin in the urine
- myoglobin is usually the result of crush injury, heat stroke, electrical shock, extreme exercise that involves muscle injury or necrosis
- aka Monday morning disease in horses
- could cause a positive RBC result on the dipstick
oliguria
less than normal amount of urine being produced
- can be physiological or pathophysiological
pollakiuria
the increased frequency of urination
polyurea
the volume of urine being produced is greater than normal
- may be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease)
proteinuria
- the presence of protein in urine
- implies abnormal quantity
- positive protein on dip stick
pyuria
Pus or WBCs in the urine
specific gravity
the ratio of the weight of a volume of urine to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at a constant temperature (no units)
urine pH
- this can be used as a crude measurement of the body’s acid/base balance
- urine pH ranges from 5.0 (most acidic) - 9.0 or more (basic)
urolith
urinary stone
calculus
bladder stone
UTI
urinary tract infection
physiological polyurea
- increased urination usually due to increased fluid intake
- may also be due to drug therapy
pathological polyuria
- increased urine output due to disease
- may be related to renal failure, liver disease, pyometra, or diabetes ketoacidosis
physiological oliguria
- may occur when normal kidneys conserve fluid during dehydration (v/d)
pathophysiological oliguria
- may occur in early stages of renal failure
