the kidney, a review Flashcards
what are the 3 basic processes occurring during the formation of urine?
- glomular filtration
- tubular re-absorption
- tubular secretion
what are the functions of the formation of urine controlled by?
- hormones
(antidiuretic hormones, aldosterone, parathormone, thyrocalitonin, prohormone (vitamin) D, prostaglandins, calcitonin, and thyroxin) - glomerular functionality
what factors influence the quantity and quality of the glomerular ultra-filtrate:
- hydrostatic pressure
- volume of blood in the glomerular capillaries
- colloidal osmotic pressure of blood in the glomerular capillaries
- the number of patent renal vessels and glomerular capillaries
- the permeability of glomerular pressure
- renal interstitial pressure
- renal intertubular pressure
what is the major force driving the plasma through the glomerulus
hydrostatic pressure
under normal conditions, the glomular wall prevents the passage of:
- blood cells
- proteins
- other larger molecules (GMW >50 000)
what gets reabsorbed by the kidney?
- glucose
- protein
- water
what molecules are excreted by the kidney
- urea
- ammonia
- drugs
- toxins
where in the kidney does the ultra-fine filtrate/urine, reach its max concentration?
the distal and collecting tubules
describe the renal threshold
- when the kidney’s ability to reabsorb a substance completely, it will appear in the urine
what does the kidney maintain the levels of?
- concentration of various ions (pH)
- volume of water
- electrolytes (calcium and potassium)
- blood pressure (renin)
- hormones (erythropoietin, aldosterone, ADH)
glomerular filtration rate depends on: (3)
- blood volume
- blood pressure (renin)
- total number of functional glomerular
what can influence the glomerular filtration rate?
- Renal disease
-cast
- the nephron’s ability to absorb and reabsorb molecules - non-renal disease
- dehydration
- severe blood loss
- diuretic use
- fluid therapy
- drugs
what occurs in the proximal tubules?
- the majority of H2O of solutes are reabsorbed
- small increase in specific gravity
what occurs in the loop of Henle
- descending: permeable to H2O
- ascending: permeable to urea and electrolytes
what occurs in the distal tubules (3)?
- minimally permeable to water
- sodium and chloride can be reabsorbed
- is influenced by aldosterone and ADH
