Urinalysis

Question 1

What is a free catch urine sample?

Answer 1

• Morning sample recommended
• Time consuming
• Contains cells/bacteria from urethra and vulva/prepuce
• Midstream reduces quantity of contamination

Question 2

What is a catetherisation urine sample?

Answer 2

• Sterile polypropylene tubing inserted into urethra
• Blood contamination possible due to trauma of procedure
• Bacteria and cells may be collected from terminal urethra

Question 3

What is a cytocentesis sample?

Answer 3

• Clip and surgical prep
• Good restraint essential
• Samples bacteria/cells in bladder only. May get some blood contamination

Question 4

What can the colour of urine tell you?

Answer 4

Colour can tell you the concentration of urine and the contents of it.
-Presence of blood, Hb, and myoglobin

Question 5

What can the odour of urine tell you?

Answer 5

• Presence of diabetes (Sweet - acetone)
• Foul smell (cystitis)
• Mild urine smell (ammonia)
• Drugs (penicillin)

Question 6

What is the turbidity of urine?

Answer 6

How cloudy the sample is. Can be because of crystals or cells.
Graded from 0 to ++++

Question 7

How is specific gravity of urine measured?

Answer 7

By a refractometer. It measures how concentrated the urine is, can represent hydration status.
Must evaluate with serum urea/creatinine

Question 8

What is the normal value for specific gravity of urine?

Answer 8

1.008-1.012 - Isosthenuria
Less = hyposthenuria
More = hyposthenuria
^ require tubular function

Question 9

What can cause low specific gravity?

Answer 9

• Polydipsia
• Renal disease
• Diuretic therapy
• Endocrine

Question 10

What is a urine dipstick test?

Answer 10

• A series of tests for urine on one stick
• Ensure it is in date
• Contamination affects results
• Specific gravity result inaccurate USE REFRACTOMETER INSTEAD

Question 11

What does the glucose on the dipstick interpret?

Answer 11

-Absent in healthy animals
-Suggests:
diabetes, cystitis, drugs

Question 12

What does urobilinogen suggest?

Answer 12

Patency of bile duct and that bile is flowing into the small intestine. However, test on dipstick is not accurate

Question 13

What can be seen in a urine sediment?

Answer 13

RBC, WBC, casts, epithelial cells, bacteria, crystals, sperm, fat droplets, yeast, contaminants

Question 14

What are casts that are found in urinalysis?

Answer 14

Made up of substances that get filtered in the kidney, they end up being grouped together, can be waxy or granular

Question 15

What are Ca Oxalate dihydrate crystals? What are Ca oxalate monohydrate?

Answer 15

A -Have a cross on them 
-Normal in horses, cows, cats
-Hyperparathyroidism 
-Genetic defect (schnauzer)
B -Pointed extremities
-ethylene glycol poisoning