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MLT 105 UBFL > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Who wrote a book on uroscopy? In what century?

A

Hippocrates, 5th century BCE

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2
Q

Who discovered albuminuria?

A

Frederik Dekker

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3
Q

Why are UA’s favored?

A

Urine is easy to collect & urine contains many info about the body’s metabolic functions

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4
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical

juxtamedullary

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5
Q

Which nephron is responsible for concentration of urine?

A

juxtamedullary

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6
Q

The cortical nephron is responsible for what?

A

85% of all nephrons

removal of waste products & reabsorption of nutrients

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7
Q

The functions of the nephrons are controlled by?

A

renal blood flow
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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8
Q

What is the average daily urine output?

A

1200mL

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9
Q

What are the organic constituents of urine?

A

urea, creatinine, uric acid

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10
Q

What are the inorganic constituents of urine?

A

chloride, sodium, potassium, water

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11
Q

What is the normal range of urine output?

A

600-2000mL

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12
Q

What is the value for oliguria?

A

<400mL/day

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13
Q

What is the value for polyuria?

A

> 2.5L/day

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14
Q

Which diabetes has high specific gravity? Why?

A

diabetes mellitus

due to inc glucose content

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15
Q

Describe Diabetes insipidus…

A

dec ADH with low specific gravity

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16
Q

When is proteinuria clinically significant?

A

30mg/dL or 300mg/24hrs

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17
Q

What is the major serum protein found in urine?

A

albumin

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18
Q

What is prerenal proteinuria caused by?

A

conditions that affect plasma prior to it reaching the kidneys

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19
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

160-180mg/dL

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20
Q

What is the temp urine should be refrigerated?

A

2-8 degrees Celsius

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21
Q

What are the type of urine specimen is the most commonly received?

A

random specimen

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22
Q

Which type of urine specimen is essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests?

A

first-morning

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23
Q

What is the most commonly requested test on a catheterized specimen?

A

bacterial culture

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24
Q

How is a midstream clean catch a better alternative to the catheterized specimen?

A

It is safer, less traumatic & less contaminated

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25
Q

What is the term that describes urine collected by external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder & can also be used for cytologic examination?

A

suprapubic aspiration

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26
Q

What are the methods of collection for prostatitis?

A

3-glass

pre & post massage test

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27
Q

What is the amt of urine needed for drug testing?

A

35-45mL

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28
Q

What is the yellow color of urine caused by?

A

a pigment, urochrome

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29
Q

What other pigments are found in urine?

A

uroerythrin & urobilin

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30
Q

What is significant about urine samples that contain abnormal pigment bilirubin?

A

the urine may have yellow foam when the specimen is shook which also could be mistaken for phenazopyridine

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31
Q

What could fresh brown urine containing blood indicate?

A

the presence of methemoglobin and glomerular bleeding

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32
Q

What is different about urine specimen that has RBCs vs. hemoglobin?

A

urine + RBCs = red and cloudy

urine + Hgb = red and clear

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33
Q

How do you determine hemoglobinuria vs. myoglobinuria?

A

by examining the patient’s plasma
hemo - red plasma
myo - doesn’t change plasma color

34
Q

What are medications that can cause brown/black urine?

A

levodopa
methyldopa
phenol derivatives
metronidazole

35
Q

Besides medication, what else causes black urine?

A

melanin

homogentisic acid

36
Q

What produces a white precipitate in urine with alkaline pH?

A

amorphous phosphates & carbonates

37
Q

What produces a pink brickish precipitate in urine with acidic pH?

A

amorphous urates due to uroerythrin

38
Q

What is known as the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water @ a similar temperature?

A

specific gravity

39
Q

What is the purpose of determining specific gravity?

A

to determine the patient’s hydration level

40
Q

What are the specific gravity values for…
isosthenuric
hyposthenuric
hypersthenuric

A

isosthenuric - 1.010
hyposthenuric - below 1.010
hypersthenuric - above 1.010

41
Q

What does a refractometer do?

A

determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index

42
Q

In a refractometer, what determines the angle at which the light beam enters the prism?

A

the concentration of the specimen

43
Q

What methods of obtaining specific gravity?

A

refractometer
chemical reagent strips
osmolality

44
Q

The reagent strip reaction is based on the change in….

A

pKa

45
Q

Where can abnormally high specific gravity values been seen in?

A

intravenous pyelogram

ppl receiving dextran (plasma expanders)

46
Q

What is prerenal proteinuria?

A

protein in urine caused by plasma conditions not renal conditions

47
Q

What is an example of inc serum protein levels?

A

bence jones proteins due to multiple myeloma

48
Q

What is orthostatic proteinuria?

A

a persistent benign proteinuria in young adults

49
Q

What is the most frequently performed chemical test analysis on urine?

A

glucose

50
Q

What urine substance provides a rapid screening test for UTI?

A

nitrite

51
Q

What is the third part of routine urinalysis? What does it detect?

A

microscopic examination, insoluble materials, least standardized & most time consuming

(RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, casts, bacteria, yeast, parasites, mucus, spermatozoa, crystals and artifacts)

52
Q

What type of ppl will always require a microscopic examination?

A 
pregnant women
pediatric
geriatric
immunocompromised
renal patients
53
Q

How do you get rid of crystals in urine?

A

put it to room temp (37 C)

54
Q

Describe centrifugation…

A

5 minutes at RCF of 400 instead of RPM

55
Q

What are the two methods to place your centrifuged sample on a slide?

A

Glass slide method (most common)

commercial systems

56
Q

What is the most frequent stain used in urinalysis? What does it show?

A

sternheimer-malbin stain, (crystal violet) (sedi-stain, KOVA), shows WBCs, epithelial cells & casts

57
Q

What does toluidine blue stain?

A

WBCs vs. renal tubular epithelial cells

58
Q

What are the lipid stains?

A

Oil Red O & Sudan III

59
Q

What do gram stains help you identify?

A

bacteria

60
Q

What does Hansel stain help you identify?

A

transplant rejection (eosinophils)

61
Q

What stain is used to identify iron?

A

Prussian blue

62
Q

When do dysmorphic RBCs appear?

A

after strenuous exercise or glomerular bleeding

63
Q

How do glitter cells form?

A

A WBC that swells in hypotonic urine

64
Q

What is an increase in WBCs in urine?

A

pyuria

65
Q

What are the three types of epithelia cells?

A

squamous
transitional
renal tubular epithelial (RTE)

66
Q

What are the origins of the epithelial cells?

A

squamous- vagina, urethra
transitional - bladder, renal pelvis, calyces, ureters, upper male urethra
RTE- renal tubules

67
Q

What is the significance of clue cells?

A

squamous cells with bacteria attached, shows gardnerella vaginalis infection

68
Q

What RTE cells are the largest?

A

RTE cells from the PCT

69
Q

What are Oval Fat bodies?

A

RTE cells with lipids

70
Q

What determines cholesterol formation in cell?

A

using polarized light to view maltese cross formation

71
Q

In severe infections, how does yeast appear?

A

mycelial (branched)

72
Q

What is the most common parasite in urine?

A

trichomonas vaginalis

73
Q

What is a major component of mucus & casts?

A

Tamm-Horsfall protein

74
Q

What elements are unique to the kidney?

A

casts

75
Q

What is the most frequently seen cast?

A

hyaline cast

76
Q

What cast is seen with oval fat bodies?

A

fatty cast

77
Q

What creates the graininess inside your granular casts?

A

lysosomes

78
Q

What type of crystals are seen in gout?

A

uric acid

79
Q

What crystal is shaped like a coffin lid?

A

triple phosphate

80
Q

What crystal is shaped like a thorny apple?

A

ammonium biurate

81
Q

What crystal are perfectly 6-sided?

A

cystine

82
Q

What crystals are associated with liver disorders?

A

tyrosine
leucine
bilirubin

MLT 105 UBFL (2 decks)

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