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MLT 105 UBFL > Other Body Fluids > Flashcards

Other Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Normal viscosity fluid resembles….

A

egg whites

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2
Q

What could deeper yellow synovial fluid be due to ?

A

non-inflammatory or inflammatory effusions

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3
Q

What could greenish synovial fluid be due to ?

A

bacterial infection

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4
Q

How can you distinguish from a hemorrhagic arthritis vs. traumatic aspiration?

A

in a traumatic aspiration, the blood is distributed unevenly

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5
Q

What makes synovial fluid viscous?

A

the polymerization of hyaluronic acid

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6
Q

What are the methods to test for synovial viscosity?

A 
string test (4-6 cm)
ropes of mucin clot test
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7
Q

Why could synovial fluid be milky?

A

due to the presence of crystals

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8
Q

Calcium phosphate is seen in?

A

pseudogout

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9
Q

What are the most frequently performed lab tests for synovial fluid?

A 
WBC count
differential
gram stain
crystal examination
culture
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10
Q

What are the group disorders for synovial fluid?

A

non inflammatory
inflammatory
septic
hemorrhage

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11
Q

Non inflammatory diseases…

A

degenerative joint disease

osterorhi

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12
Q

Inflammatory diseases….

A

pseudogout
lyme arthritis
gout
immunologic

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13
Q

What is the name of the collection for synovial fluid?

A

arthrocentesis

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14
Q

How to get rid of fibrinogen in synovial fluid?

A

collect the fluid with syringe moistened with heparin

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15
Q

What can you use to identity an unknown fluid as synovial fluid?

A

acetic acid

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16
Q

What do you use to dilute synovial fluid for a count? What stain can you use?

A

saline

methylene blue

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17
Q

What lowers viscosity of synovial fluid?

A

hyaluronidase

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18
Q

What is associated with pseudogout

A

degenerative
endocrine disorders
elevates serum

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19
Q

What causes gout?

A

alcohol in fructose

hepatits

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20
Q

How do calcium phosphate crystals appear?

A

rhombus

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21
Q

What is the brain and spinal cord lined by?

A

meninges

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22
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A 
dura mater (outer)
arachnoid (filamentous inner)
pia meter (thin lining)
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23
Q

Where is CSF produced? How much is produced every hour?

A

the choroid plexuses, 20mL

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24
Q

What is the volume of CSF in adults? Neonates?

A

90-150mL in adults

10-60mL in neonates

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25
Q

How does the chemical composition differ from the ultrafiltrate of plasma?

A

It has selective filtration under hydrostatic pressure and active transport secretion

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26
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier made of?

A

tight fitting endothelial cells

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27
Q

How is CSF routinely collected?

A

lumbar puncture between 3rd and fourth/fifth lumbar vertebrae

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28
Q

What is CSF collected in? What is each used for?

A

3 sterile tubes
1 is for chemical and serological tests bc least affected by blood or bacteria (frozen)
2 is for microbiology lab (room temp)
3 is for cell count, hematology (refrigerate)
4 may be used for microbio or additional serological tests

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29
Q

Xanthochromia…

A

CSF that is pink orange or yellow, may be caused by RBC degradation, oxyhgb, heavy hemolysis, bilirubin

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30
Q

Differentiate specimen tubes from a traumatic tap patient vs. cerebral hemorrhage patient…

A

a patient with traumatic tap will have heaviest blood concentration in tube 1 while a patient with cerebral hemorrhage will have even distribution of blood

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31
Q

What are diseases that allows inc filtration of protein and coagulation factors also causing clot formation but not a bloody fluid?

A

meningitis
froin syndrome
blockage of csf circulation

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32
Q

How many WBCs are found in adult CSF?

A

0-5 WBCs/uL

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33
Q

What is the standard Neubauer formula?

A 
# cells counted x dilution factor
----------------------------------------------     =    cells/uL
# squares counted x vol of 1 square
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34
Q

How are specimens concentrated?

A

centrifugation for 5-10min

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35
Q

What are the cells found in normal CSF?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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36
Q

What can cause infection of the meninges? What is the biggest symptom?

A 
bacterial
viral
fungal
parasitic
biggest symptom is petechiae
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37
Q

A high CSF WBC count of neutrophils is indicative of…

A

bacterial meningitis

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38
Q

A high CSF WBC count of lymphocytes and monocytes is indicative of…

A

meningitis of viral, tubercular, fungal or parasitic origin

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39
Q

Inc eosinophils in CSF is seen with…

A

parasitic infections, fungal infections

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40
Q

What is the sac that surrounds the fetus?

A

amnion

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41
Q

How is amniotic fluid collected?

A

amniocentesis

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42
Q

What is a major contributor to the amniotic fluid volume?

A

fetal urine

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43
Q

What can cause fetal distress associated with neural tube disorders?

A

failure of the fetus to swallow

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44
Q

Increased fetal swallowing causes…

A

urinary tract deformities, membrane leakage, dec amniotic fluid

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45
Q

How do you determine the age of the fetus?

A

determining the level of creatinine

46
Q

How can you differentiate amniotic fluid from urine?

A

levels of urea & creatinine

fern test

47
Q

When is amniocentesis recommended?

A

when screening blood tests are abnormal (maternal serum alpha fetal protein, triple screening or quadruple screening)

48
Q

How do you determine maternal vs fetal blood in amniotic fluid?

A

kleihauer-betke test

49
Q

The presence of bilirubin causes yellow color in amniotic fluid is result of…

A

RBC destruction from HDN

50
Q

Very dark brown amniotic fluid is associated with…

A

fetal death

51
Q

What is the oldest routinely performed lab test on amniotic fluid?

A

HDN (Hemolytic Disease of the newborn)

52
Q

If HDN is occurring what will be present in the amniotic fluid?

A

bilirubin

53
Q

What is the OD amniotic fluid range? What is the value when bilirubin is present?

A

365-550, 450

54
Q

How do we measure neural tube defects? What are some defects?

A

alpha fetal protein

anencephaly, spinal bifida

55
Q

If AFP is detected, what is it followed by?

A

AChE (amniotic acetylcholinesterase)

56
Q

What is diarrhea defined as?

A

> 200g of stool weight
inc liquidity
poop more than 3x/day

57
Q

What are the major cations tested in feces?

A

sodium and potassium

58
Q

What is the osmotic gap in osmotic vs. secretory diarrhea?

A

osmotic greater than 50

secretory less than 50

59
Q

What is osmotic diarrhea?

A

incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food leading to diarrhea

60
Q

What is the test for malabsorption?

A

D-xylose

61
Q

What can be useful in diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency and small bowel disorders that cause malabsorption?

A

steatorrhea

62
Q

Pale stools can signify what?

A

a blockage of the bile duct or procedures using barium sulfate

63
Q

What can cause muscle fibers to be present in feces?

A

undigested striated muscle (food)
pancreatic insufficiency
biliary obstruction
gastrocolic fistulas

64
Q

How are partially digested fibers seen under microscope?

A

the striations go only in one direction

65
Q

What is the most frequent fecal analysis?

A

Fecal Occult Blood Test

66
Q

What is the most frequent screening test for occult blood?

A

the detection of pseudoperoxidase activity of Hgb

67
Q

What reagent is tested in Occult Blood testing?

A

guaiac reagent

68
Q

What is the confirmatory test for steatorrhea?

A

quantitative fecal fat analysis

69
Q

What is lactoferrin testing for?

A

granules and neutrophils

70
Q

What do you add to stain muscle fibers?

A

10% alcoholic eosin

71
Q

What is a more sensitive test for the detection of occult blood? What does it test for?

A

hemoquant

porphyrin

72
Q

an intact blood brain barrier has an index value…

A

less than 9

73
Q

What is the primary purpose for performing CSF protein electrophoresis?

A

for the detection of oligoclonal bands representing inflammation within the CNS

74
Q

What is the presence of myelin basic protein in the CSF indicative of?

A

recent destruction of the myelin sheath

75
Q

Measurement of what can be used to monitor multiple sclerosis?

A

MBP and CSF

76
Q

How does glucose enter the CSF?

A

selective transport across the blood brain barrier

77
Q

If plasma glucose is 100mg/dL what would a normal CSF glucose be?

A

65mg/dL

78
Q

What contributes to the four fractions of semen?

A 
testes
epididymis
seminal vessels
prostate
bulbourethral glands
79
Q

What contains the seminiferous tubules? What type of cells are found inside?

A

the testes

germ cells that produce spermatozoa located in the epithelial cells of the tubules

80
Q

Where do the immature sperm cells go to mature? What signifies their maturation?

A

the epididymis

the development of flagella

81
Q

During ejaculation, where are the sperm propelled?

A

vas deferens -> ejaculatory ducts -> urethra?

82
Q

What produces the majority of the fluid present in semen? It has a high concentration of…

A

the seminal vesicles

fructose

83
Q

What produces the acid found in semen?

A

prostate gland

84
Q

What produces the alkaline fluid to help neutralize some acidity?

A

the bulbourethral glands

85
Q

Analysis of semen can’t begin until the sample…

A

liquefies after 30-60 min of collection

86
Q

What is the most commonly used dilution for sperm count?

A

1:20

87
Q

The percentage of sperm showing forward movement can be estimated after examining ____ high power fields

A

20

88
Q

What stain is used for sperm?

A

Wright’s
Giemsa or
Papanicolaou

89
Q

Inclusion of extra sperm measurement parameters is known as…

A

Kruger’s strict criteria

90
Q

What are the additional testing methods for semen analysis?

A

sperm viability
seminal fluid fructose
anti-sperm antibodies

91
Q

What fluid is known as “joint fluid”?

A

synovial fluid

92
Q

What are the specialized cells in the synovial membrane?

A

synoviocytes

93
Q

What can cause synovial fluid to clot?

A

the presence of fibrinogen

94
Q

When should differential counts be performed on synovial fluid samples?

A

on cytocentrifuged preparations or thinly smeared slides

95
Q

Normal synovial fluid glucose should not be more than _____ lower than the blood value

A

10 mg/dL

96
Q

What type of testing plays an important role in the diagnosis of joint disorders?

A

serologic tests

97
Q

What is the disruption of mechanisms of serous fluid formation and re-absorption?

A

effusion

98
Q

A dec sperm count may be further evaluated by…

A

fructose test

99
Q

Plasma cells when seen in pleural fluid are indicative of what disease?

A

tuberculosis

100
Q

What are the primary causes of effusions?

A

inc hydrostatic pressure
dec oncotic pressure
inc capillary permeability
lymphatic obstruction

101
Q

What are the methods of collection for serous fluid?

A

thoracentesis
pericardiocentesis
paracentesis

102
Q

Serous fluid specimens for pH must be…

A

maintained anaerobically on ice

103
Q

What are transudates?

A

effusions that form bc of systemic disorder

104
Q

What are exudates?

A

effusions that form bc of conditions that directly involve the membranes ex. infections/malignancies

105
Q

What is the most reliable lab tests that differentiate between transudates and exudates?

A

LDH (lactic dehydrogenase) and protein fluid-to-blood ratios

106
Q

What two substances are have significance in fluid:serum ratios for pleural fluids?

A

cholesterol

bilirubin

107
Q

A fluid:serum bilirubin ratio of ___ or more indicates exudate

A

6

108
Q

What is the most diagnostically significant hematology test performed on serous fluid?

A

differential cell count

109
Q

What are the primary cells found in pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluids?

A 
neutrophils
lymphs
eosinos
mesothelials
plasma
malignant
110
Q

What is a lack of mesothelial cells significant of?

A

tuberculosis

111
Q

What are the most common chemistry tests performed on pleural fluid?

A

glucose
pH
ADA
amylase

112
Q

What is the accumulation of fluid between the peritoneal membranes?

A

ascites

MLT 105 UBFL (2 decks)

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