Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical interpretation > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What changes happen to urine at room temperature?

A

increased pH, decreased glucose, decreased ketones, decreased bilirubin, decreased urobilinogen, increased bacteria, increased turbidity, disintegration of red blood cells and casts, changes color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

clear urine

A

like water; easily read newspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hazy

A

blurry but lines are still visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cloudy

A

lines are barely visible; cannot read newsprint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

turbid

A

cannot see through it; often have particulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Significance of foam in urine

A

white foam: protein is present

yellow foam: bilirubin is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

glucose reagent strips

A

normal result: negative

abnormal: diabetes mellitus, impaired tubular resorption, and inborn errors of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pre-renal glycosuria

A

plasma glucose level exceeds renal threshold (diabetes mellitus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

renal glycosuria

A

plasma glucose level below renal threshold, but tubules cannot reabsorb glucose back into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

glucose reagent strip specificity- false negative/postive causes

A

reacts only with glucose. False positive: strong oxidizing agents, peroxides
false negatives: ascorbic acid, high ketone levels, improperly stored urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

clinitest

A

copper reduction test, detects all reducing sugars and reacts with glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, ascorbic acid, homogenistic acid but not sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what level of glucose is required to detect on clinitest and dipstick?

A

clinitest: 250 mg/dl
dipstick: 100 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bilirubin dipstick

A

only find conjugated bilirubin in urine. Normal result is negative. Abnormal: seen in liver disease, hepatic jaundice obstruction, obstructive jaundice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reasons for false negative for bilirubin

A

ascorbic acid inhibits, high urine nitrites inhibit, low bilirubin concentration, improper specimen handling (protect from light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

reasons for false positive bilirubin

A

urine color interference, drug induced color changes, perform ictotest to confirm presence of bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ketones dipstick

A

products of incomplete fat metabolism. Normal: negative. abnormal: inability to utilize carbs, DM, inadequate intake of carbs, excessive loss of carbs. Fruity odor from acetone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reasons for ketone false negatives

A

improper storage: volatilization, bacterial breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reasons for ketone false positive

A

compounds containing free-sulfhydryl groups, highly pigmented urines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

specific gravity dipstick

A

concentration of the urine. Normal: 1.002 to 1.035

abnormal: increased SG means concentrated, decreased SG means dilute

20
Q

isothenuira

A

SG fixed at 1.010, renal tubules lost absorption and secreting capability

21
Q

hyperthenuria

A

increased SG, concentratied urine, hypertonic

22
Q

hyposthenuria

A

decreased SG, dilute urine, hypotonic

23
Q

blood dipstick test

A

normal: negative
abnormal: kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, strenuous exercise, hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions. Can be intact or hemolyzed RBC

24
Q

Blood false positive reasons

A

menstrual contamination, microbial peroxides, oxidizing agents (bleach)

25
Q

blood false negative reasons

A

ascorbic acid, high levels of protein, high nitrite reduces strip reactivity

26
Q

pH dipstick

A

normal: 4.5-8
acidic: acidosis, high protein diet, starvation, dehydration or diarrhea
alkaline: alkalosis, UTI, vegetarian diet, vomiting, or chronic renal failure

27
Q

what pH ranges are physiologically impossible?

A

<4.5, if >8.0 expect that urine not handled properly, old urine, or treatment induced

28
Q

protein dipstick

A

normal: negative
transient: occurs w/ fever, exposure to heat or cold, emotional stress, pregnancy exercise
pathological: membrane damage, disorders affecting tubular reabsorption

29
Q

What are the two renal causes of proteinuria?

A

glomerular damage and tubular dysfunction.

30
Q

Glomerular damage

A

most serious cause of proteinuria, and most common. glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome (highest levels of protein)

31
Q

tubular dysfunciton

A

reabsorption capability decreased, toxin exposure, inherited disorder, Fanconi’s syndrome: heave metal poisoning

32
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of protein dipstick?

A

sensitivity: about 10-25 mg/dl
specificity: reacts with albumin

33
Q

reasons for protein false positive

A

highly buffered or alkaline urine, alkaline drugs, improper storage and handling, contamination of detergents

34
Q

reasons for protein false negative

A

dilute urine, presence of other proteins (uromodulin, globulins, myoglobin, free light chains, hemoglobin), exercise/transitory conditions

35
Q

urobilinogen dipstick

A

formed in intestine from bilirubin by bacteria.
normal: .2-1.0
abnormal: hemolytic disease, liver disease
cannot determine absence of UBG

36
Q

nitrites

A

some gram - bacteria reduce dietary nitrates to nitrites (UTI).

normal: negative
abnormal: UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis

37
Q

nitrite false positive reasons

A

substances that mask reaction color, foods (beets), drugs, improper specimen storage/handling

38
Q

nitrite false negative reasosn

A

ascorbic acid, bacteria cannot reduce nitrates, bladder time not sufficient (need 4 hours), low nitrate levels, antibiotic inhibition of bacteria, further reduction to nitrites to nitrogen

39
Q

leukocytes

A

normal: negative
abnormal: UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis

40
Q

leukocyte false positive reasons

A

substances that induce color mask, vaginal contamination,

41
Q

leukocyte false negative reasons

A

not waiting 2 minutes, lymphocytes present, increased glucose and protein, strong oxidizing agents, drugs

42
Q

leukocyte specificity

A

5-15 WBC/hpf

43
Q

ascorbic acid

A

interferes with reagent strip reaction.

44
Q

what does ascorbic acid cause false negatives for?

A

nitrite, blood, glucose, bilirubin

45
Q

What reagent strip reactions do oxidizing agents (bleach) affect?

A

glucose: false positive
blood: false positive
leukocytes: false negative

Clinical interpretation (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions