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Clinical Microscopy > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Primary organic component. Product of protein and amino acid metabolism

A

Urea

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2
Q

Product of creatine metabolism by muscles

A

Creatinine

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3
Q

Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells

A

Uric acid

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4
Q

Primary inorganic component. Found in combination with sodium and with many inorganic substances

A

Chloride

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5
Q

Primarily from salt, varies by intake

A

Sodium

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6
Q

Combines with sodium to buffer the blood

A

Phosphate

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7
Q

Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

A

Ammonium

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8
Q

It determine if fluid is urine

A

Urea and creatinine

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9
Q

Average daily urine output

A

1200mL to 1500mL

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10
Q

Decrease in urine output

A

Oliguria

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11
Q

Cessation of urine flow

A

Anuria

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12
Q

Increase excretion of urine at night

A

Ncturia

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13
Q

Increase in daily urine volume and is associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus

A

Polyuria
>2.5L/day in adults
>2.5 to 3mL/hr in children

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14
Q

A patient presenting with polyuria,nocturia, polydipsia and low specific gravity is exhibiting symptoms of:

A

Diabetes insipidus

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15
Q

Why is it possible to estimate the concentration of a normal urine specimen by its color?

A

Urochrome is produced and excreted at a constant rate, so its concentration is affected by the amount of water present in the urine

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16
Q

State a pathologic cause of yellow urine in foam and of white urine foam

A

Yellow foam: bilirubin

White foam: protein

17
Q

How does the presence of phenazopyridine affect routine urinalysis testing?

A

The thick yellow-orange pigment in phenazopyridine masks reagent strip color reactions

18
Q

What is the significance of a cloudy, red urine?

A

The urine contains increased RBC’s

19
Q

Why is there a difference in the color of the serum from person with hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria?

A

Myoglobin is more rapidly cleared from the plasma than is hemoglobin

20
Q

Under what conditions will a port wine urine color be observed in a urine specimen?

A

Urine containing porphyrins that has been exposed to air.

21
Q

Why might a brown/black urine have a positive chemical test result for blood?

A

The specimen containing hemoglobin that has been oxidized to methemoglobin. This may be seen in old specimen or in fresh specimen as a result of glomerular bleeding.

22
Q

State the conditions required for urines containing melanin or homogentisic acid to appear brown/black

A

Oxidation of melanogen to melanin produces a black urine; homogentisic acid turns black in alkaline urine.

23
Q

Name a pathologic cause and a nonpathologic cause of blue/green urine

A

Urinary and intestinal tract infections may produce blue or green urine. Breath deodorizers (clorets), methocarbamol (robaxin), amitriptyline (elavil), and methylene blue may produce blue or green urine.

24
Q

Differentiate between the appearance of amorphous urates and urates in a refrigerated urine specimen. What chemical test is critical to the differentiation?

A

Amorphous phosphates produce a white precipitate and amorphous urates produce a pink precipitates; the precipitation is pH dependent

25
Q

In what circumstances might a sediment be slightly warmed prior to microscopic examination?

A

To dissolve amorphous urates

26
Q

How will collection of a urine specimen using the midstream clean catch method affect the urine clarity?

A

The specimen will contain fewer contaminating structures and clarity will better represent the actual urine.

27
Q

When should a microscopic examination be performed on a clear urine specimen?

A

When a chemical test for protein, RBC’s, or WBC’s or bacteria is positive

28
Q

For what part of the routine urinalysis does specimen clarity serve as a method of quality control?

A

Microscopic

29
Q

Define specific gravity

A

The density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water

30
Q

Can a cloudy urine specimen have a low specific gravity? Why or Why not?

A

Yes, because substances not dissolved in the urine do not contribute to the specific gravity

31
Q

How can specific gravity be used to determine the quality of a specimen for urinalysis?

A

Significant pathologic constituents may not be detected in a dilute specimen

32
Q

Why is specific gravity of less value than osmolarity in evaluating renal concentration ability?

A

Specific gravity is influenced by the size of the molecules, such as urea, glucose, and protein that are not significant in renal concentration.

Clinical Microscopy (2 decks)

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