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Clinical Chemistry > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

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0
Q

When is the best time to sample the urine?

A

Within 30 minutes

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1
Q

When should the best urine sample be collected?

A

The first morning sample

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2
Q

What are the collection methods of urine?

A 
Free catch
Bladder expression
Cystocentesis
Catherization
Collection off a surface
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3
Q

How do you stimulate urine in a dog?

A

The scent of other dogs

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4
Q

How do you stimulate urine in a cat

A

Nonabsorbant granules in the litter box

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5
Q

How do you stimulate a cow to urinate?

A

Rub straw on thee vulva in a circular fashion

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6
Q

How do you get a sheep to pee

A

Plug there nose

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7
Q

How do you get a horse to pee?

A

Rub warm cloth on the abdomen

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8
Q

What is the best way to preserve urine?

A

40% formalin per 1 oz of urine

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9
Q

What are the gross examinations of urine?

A

Volume, color, odor, specific gravity, and turbidity

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10
Q

What factors can affect urine volume?

A

Fluid intake, external losses, temperature, humidity, food, activity, size, and species

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11
Q

What diseases is polyuria seen with?

A

Nephritis, diabetes (both) pyometra, and liver disease

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12
Q

What specific gravity does oliguria have?

A

High sg

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13
Q

What does oliguria occur with?

A

Urethral obstruction, bladder rupture, and renal shutdown

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14
Q

What does light yellow to amber urine mean?

A

Normal urine

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15
Q

What does yellow brown to green urine indicate?

A

Bile pigments

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16
Q

Clarity is known as

A

Clear
Slightly cloudy
Cloudy
Turbid

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17
Q

When urine smells like ammonia…

A

The sample has been left out for too long or cystitis

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18
Q

Define specific gravity

A

Density of a liquid compared to distilled water

19
Q

When do you see an increase in specific gravity

A

With fluid loss

20
Q

When do you see a decrease in specific gravity?

A

With too much fluid

21
Q

Define isosthenuria

A

When the urine specific gravity approaches the filtrate in the glomerulus

22
Q

What do test strips test for?

A 
PH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Blood
Bilirubin
23
Q

What does the sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test confirm?

A

High protein

24
Q

What are 2 names for glucose

A

Glycosuria and glycosuria

25
Q

Where do you see ketonemia

A

Diabetes, impaired liver function, fatty diet, fasting, and anorexia

26
Q

When is bilirubin increased?

A

Bile duct obstruction

27
Q

Myoglobinuria is seen where

A

In severe muscle damage

28
Q

What does urine sediment include?

A

Epithelial cells, mucous threads, rbc, WBC, hyaline casts, and crystals

29
Q

Squamous epithelial cells

A

Comes from the urethra and vagina

30
Q

Transitional epithelial cells

A

Comes from the bladder and ureters

31
Q

Hyaline casts

A

Clear and colorless, seen with protein, increased with fever, poor renal function, exercise, and anesthesia

32
Q

Granular casts

A

Hyaline casts with granules

Increased with nephritis

33
Q

Epithelial casts

A

Consist of epithelial cells

34
Q

Leukocyte casts

A

WBC

Seen with inflammation

35
Q

Fatty casts

A

Little fat droplets

Seen with renal disease

36
Q

Structure crystals

A

Triple phosphate crystals
Found in alkaline to slightly acidic urine
Looks like a coffin lid

37
Q

Calcium oxalate dihydrate

A

Has an X across the top

Found in acidic to neutral urine

38
Q

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

A

Looks like a fence post

See with ethylene glycol poisoning

39
Q

Uric acid stone

A

Kite shaped

40
Q

Amorphous urate crystals

A

Found in acidic urine

41
Q

Amorphous phosphate crystals

A

Found in alkaline urine

42
Q

Calcium carbonate crystals

A

What makes horse and rabbit urine cloudy

43
Q

Ammonium biurate crystals

A

Long irregular spicules

44
Q

Tyrosine crystals

A

Seen with liver disease

45
Q

Mucous threads

A

Look like twisted ribbons

Clinical Chemistry (5 decks)

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