Urinalysis

Question 1

How does the nephron function to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body?

Answer 1

-through filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

-Filtration: eliminates toxins from blood (converts to urine)

-Reabsorption: selective allows for maintenance of ions (electrolytes) and blood sugar levels

-Secretion: Allows to completely remove unwanted substances

Question 2

How can the composition of urine provide clues about problems in human body systems?

Answer 2

-color, blood
From these things they can be clues to things such as alcohol intake, drug intake, and even be clues to diseases such as the Chronic Kidney disease

Color: dehydration and alcohol (explain) dark yellow )produces more dilute urine by limiting the release of ADH (stimulates conservation of water for the body)

Blood: indication of kidney issues

Question 3

How do hormones help maintain water balance in the body?

Answer 3

Explain ADH (conservation)
Aldosterone: responsible for release of ADH and regulates water and sodium levels (increase retention of sodium= excretion of potassium)

Question 4

Infer health problems based on urinalysis results

Answer 4

Glucose= diabetes
Protein= Kidney Disease or proteinuria
Ketones= Dehydration
SPG= indicator of dehydration
pH = kidney issues (kidney is not properly moving acids)

Question 5

Standard urinalysis values

Answer 5

Glucose: none
Protein: none
Ketones: none
SPG: 1.002–1.028
pH: 4.6–8.0 (often 7.5)

Question 6

Identify and describe the process of urinalysis

Answer 6

-Macroscopic examination (physical properties)
-microscopic examination
- strip test to identify hormones
-likely further lab testing

Question 7

How does the nervous system, endocrine system, and the excretory system work to maintain water balance?

Answer 7

Excretory:
kidneys can adjust the concentration of urine to reflect the body’s water needs

Endocrine:
body is low on water, the pituitary gland secretes ADH into blood stream to promote water conservation

Nervous:
Nerve centers in brain are stimulated for thirst.

Question 8

What are the types of nephrons in the kidney?

Answer 8

Cortical (excretory and regulatory) and the juxtamedullary (concentrate and dilute urine)

Question 9

Compare the composition of blood and urine

Answer 9

Urine ( 95% water, the rest are ions) Blood (red/white blood cells and platelets)

Question 10

Connection between blood and urine

Answer 10

urinary system filters blood for useful nutrients and water and the excess waste is urine. (nephron)

Question 11

Explain what the glomerular filtration rate means

Answer 11

The rate at which your blood is filtered each minute. 15 or lower indicates kidney failure.

Question 12

Explain how nephrons help maintain homeostasis

Answer 12

controlling the amount of water, ions, and substances
Regulation of water intake and water loss by the kidneys (ADH)

Question 13

Identify and describe four main processes that occur in the nephron

Answer 13

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

Question 14

identify and describe the structures of and the functions of the specific specific structures of the nephron.

Answer 14

Bowman’s capsule - surrounds the blood capillaries called the glomerulus, podocytes prevent stuff from coming in (brings blood to kidney)

Proximal convoluted tubule - selective reabsorption from glomerular filtrate microvilli

Loop of Henle- U-shaped , allows for concentrated urine

Distal convoluted tubule- lined with epithelial cells, fine adjustments of reabsorption of ions from filtrate

Collecting duct: fine control of body water content by endocrine hormones

Question 15

structures of the kidney and function

Answer 15

the glomerulus filters your blood and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes waste

Outer cortex -
medulla -
renal pelvis -
hilum -where blood vessels and b-nerves enter

Question 16

how do you hold it in and how does micturition occur

Answer 16

the process of expelling urine from the body is called micturition.