Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio med > Chapter 2.2 Glossary > Flashcards

Chapter 2.2 Glossary Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Acetylchlorine

A

-neurotransmitter that plays a vital role in the CNS and PNS
-important for muscle control, learning, memory, and attention
-damage will lead to MEMORY loss, possible Alzheimer’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Action Potential

A

-temporary shift in the neurons mem. potential causing ion flow
-electrical impulses that move on axon when ions cross the axon membrane
-GENERATED AT AXON HILLOCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Active transport

A

-requires energy ATP
-moving against the concentration gradient
-low-high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Afferent neuron

A

nerve fibers responsible for bringing the outside world info into the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

dementia
-abnormal build up of proteins in and around brain cells causing the brain to shrink.
-no known cause
-affects hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
-disrupts neuron processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ALS

A

-nervous system disease that weakens the muscle, impacts movement, twitching, slurred speech, and causes balance issues

-causes are gene mutation, protein mishandling, chemical imbalance of glutamate, and possibly viruses.

-affects brain and spinal cord & voluntary control is affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Association neuron

A

“Interneuron”
connects neurons to one another and helps relay information (recieve and transfer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Axon

A

long single nerve cell process that conducts impulses away from the body
-passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell or to its effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Axon hillock

A

where the membrane generates nerve impulses, connects soma and axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Axon terminal

A

small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons. make synaptic connections with other nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)
found in retina, roof of nasal cavity, and inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

calcium ion

A

involved in electrical synapses.
when calcium ions enter the electrical syn. the cell initiates a signal. causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

maintains cell, and keeps neuron functioning effectively
houses nucleus
contains DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cell membrane

A

semipermeable
surrounds cytoplasm
“barrier”
found in all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

chemical synapse

A

chemical signal (neuro trans.) is released from one cell and affects another
common
long
slower than elec.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

dendrite

A

projections of the neuron
recieves signals (electrochem) and travels to soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

depolarization

A

sudden change in mem. potential
neg-pos interval change
sodium channels open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dopamine

A
  • feelings of pleasure and satisfaction
    helpes with movement and motivation
    CAN CAUSE ADDICTION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Efferent neuron

A

carrys motor info. away from CNS to the muscle and the gland of the body for instructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

EKG

A

Electrocardiogram (HEART)
records elec. signal from heart to check health
Electrodes on skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

electrical synapse

A

connection in which ions pass directly from one cell to the next via protein channels
-involves depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

endorphins

A

released during exercise, pain, excitement
-well being, euphoria,
Foods ^

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

enkephalins

A

involved with pain perception, movement, mood, behavior, reduces impact of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

epilepsy

A

causes:stroke, head injury, infection, abuse, birth issues, genes
CNS affected since there is a disruption of electrical activity
seizures (weird odors) -10 year old boy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline
Fight or flight
produced in exciting situations
stimulates heart rate
–leads to greater awareness and physical capability ( serial killer is chasing you)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

EPSP Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

more likely to fire an action potential
result of activation of ligland gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Excitatory

A

the effect a substance has on a nerve cell
makes cell able to receive important information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

exocytosis

A

release contents to mediate functions
-release of neurotrans.
-release of hormones
- cells move materials from one cell to extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

GABA gamma aminobutyric acid

A

-inhibitory neurotrans. brain
-calms firing nerves to CNS
-high levels= focus and relaxation, low levels = anxiety
-imp. for motor control and vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gap junction

A

mol. like AP diffuse through Gap Junction pores in ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES current passes from cll to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

glial cell

A

-regulates nerve firing
-involved in early brain development
-immune responses
-provide supporting functions to the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

glutamate

A

-most common neurotransmitter
- involved with cognitive function, memory, learning
-regulates brain development and nerve contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

graded potential

A

changes membrane potential that vary in response to stimulus
-causes depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

histamine

A

-acts as a neurotrans
-allergic reactions
-response to pathogens

35
Q

huntington’s disease

A

symptoms:
depression, mood swings, stumbling, memory loss, involuntary movement of the hands and feet “dance like”

cause: gene mutation in huntingtin
affects the basal ganglia, and cortex and cognitive functions

36
Q

hyperpolarization

A

change in cell mem. potential
MORE NEG.
-opposite of depolarization

37
Q

impulse

A

-signal
-travels length of nerve fiber
ENDS WITH RELEASE OF NEUROTRANS.

38
Q

inhibitory

A

angent slows and interferes with chemical action
regulates

39
Q

Interneuron

A

CNS
connects neurons to one another to transfer info.
“the connectors”

40
Q

involuntary action

A

takes place ithout concious decision
FASTER THAN VOLUNTARY

41
Q

ISPS

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential
less likely to fire an action potential

42
Q

ligand gate channel

A

“ionotropic receptors”
-binds neurotransmitters and opens when ligand binds
CHANNELS THE OPEN OR CLOSE IN RESPONSE TO CHEM MESSAGE

43
Q

membrane potential

A

a potential gradient
-forces ions to passively move in 1 direction

44
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

reflex that provides direct communication with sensory and motor neurons that are involved with the muscle

45
Q

motor neuron

A

controls vol & invol movements of the effector muscles and glands
-upper and lower responsible for movement, both work together

46
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the myelin sheaths of neurons

NO KNOWN CAUSE

-fatigue, vision, pain, depression, unsteadiness

CNS is affected

47
Q

multipolar neuron

A

single axon with many dendrites
++transfer the MOST info between cells

48
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating layer that forms around nerves
-made of protein and fatty substance
-allows for quick transmission of signals

49
Q

neuron

A

info messengers
uses elec. and chem. signals to transfer info.

50
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers
-released from synaptic vesicle into synapse by neurons

51
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

myelin sheath gapps
allow the regeneration of a fast electrical impulse ~axon

52
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter/ hormone
FIght or flight
used to increase and maintain blood pressure

53
Q

Nucleus

A

me. bound structure found in the soma
contains nucleolus and chromosomes

54
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

myelinating cells - CNS
enables fast saltatory impulse propagation

55
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

loss of nerve cells in substantia, that slowly break down and die
looses the ability to produce norepinephrine which controls various body functions
tremor, slow movements, speech and writing worsen, balance issues

56
Q

passive transport

A

membrane transport that does not require energy, it relies on the second law of thermodynamics

57
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

interneurons involved in controlling reflex between afferent and efferent signals

58
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

postsynaptic is a cell that receives information via chemical signals

59
Q

potassium channels

A

control transport of potassium ions efflux from and influx into cells

60
Q

K+ monoatomic monocation from potassium
helps nerve function, fluid balance, and muscle contraction

A

potassium ion

61
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

nerve cell that releases neurotransmitters into synapse

62
Q

receptor cells

A

proteins inside or on the surface of a cell which receive signals.
-allows change of activity of a cell

63
Q

receptors

A

proteins inside/on the surface of a cell which receive signals.

64
Q

reflex

A

protect body from potential harm
involuntary response to stimulus

65
Q

reflex arc

A

nerve pathway involved with a reflex action

66
Q

refractory period

A

time in which a nerve cell is UNABLE to find an action potential TOWARDS END

67
Q

repolarization

A

change in mem potential that returns it to neg. value after depolarization

68
Q

resting potential

A

ground state
for trans mem voltage

69
Q

schwann cells

A

glial cell that surrounds neuron
myelinating cell-PNS
supports cell of peripheral neurons

70
Q

secondary messengers

A

response to exposure to extracellular signaling mol.
intracellular signal ing mol. related

71
Q

sensory neuron

A

nerve cell activated by response to enviornment

72
Q

seratonin

A

chem. carries messenger between nerves and brain throughout the body

73
Q

Sodium channels

A

Na+
resiting potential
generation and propagation of action potentials

74
Q

sodium ion

A

helps body keep balance of fluids
Homeostasis

75
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

maintains asmotic equilibrium and membrane potential in cells

76
Q

stimulus

A

detected by receptors on skin
outside change in environment that causes a sensory reaction

77
Q

substance

A

a kind of matter with uniform properties (MO)

78
Q

summation

A

presynaptic neuron fires repeatedly at a high rate

79
Q

synaptic cleft

A

excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents

gap between pre and post synaptic cells

80
Q

threshold

A

membrane voltage that must be reached in excitable cell -depolarization for action potential

81
Q

unipolar neuron

A

cell body with one axon which extends into dendrites

82
Q

vesicles

A

with in/ outside a cell that consists of cytoplasm enclosed by a liquid bilayer

83
Q

voltage gated calcium channels

A

Ca+ depolarize membrane potential for excitability ACTION POT.

Bio med (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions