Urinalysis

Question 1

Normal crystals

Answer 1

Uric Acid
Calcium Oxalate
Hippuric
Calcium Phosphate
Triple Phosphate
Calcium Carbonate
Ammonium Biurate

Question 2

Abnormal crystals

Answer 2

Bilirubin
Cystine
Tyrosine
Cholesterol
Leucine
Sulfa
Acyclovir
Indinavir

Question 3

Crystals in acidic urine

Answer 3

Uric acid
Calcium Oxalate
Leucine
Cystine

Question 4

Crystals in alkaline urine

Answer 4

Calcium carbonate
Ammonium magnesium phosphates

Question 5

Leukocyte esterase

Answer 5

If positive indicates presence of leukocytes which indicates infection by bacteria.

Question 6

Nitrite

Answer 6

Converted by bacteria from nitrate. Indicative of bacterial infection.

Question 7

pH

Answer 7

Normal: 4.5-8.0
If elevated indicates bacterial infection. Urea in urine is converted to ammonia by bacteria causing urine to b come more alkaline.

Question 8

Specific gravity

Answer 8

Normal: 1.010-1.025
Indicator of urine concentration.
If it falls below 1.003 the urine is too dilute.
Measure of the density of urine:water.

Question 9

Protein

Answer 9

Large protein levels indicate kidney disease.

Question 10

Blood

Answer 10

Indicates kidney damage, kidney or bladder infection, stones, cancer, or blood disorders.

Question 11

Ketones

Answer 11

Sign of diabetes.

Question 12

Bilirubin

Answer 12

Levels indicate liver damage or disease.

Question 13

Glucose

Answer 13

Indicative of diabetes.
In the case of bacterial infection, glucose will be consumed by bacteria.

Question 14

Urobilinogen

Answer 14

Always positive in urinalysis.
Measured on a dipstick using the Ehrlich-Aldehyde reaction.