Urinalysis

Question 1

specific gravity

Answer 1

The specific gravity of a specimen indicates the
relative proportions of dissolved solid components
to total volume of the specimen.

Question 2

osmolality

Answer 2

indicates the number

of particles of solute per unit of solution

Question 3

hyposthenuric

Answer 3

with the specific gravity less than
1.007.

Causes: diabetes insipidus, low specific
gravity, pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis.

• High specific gravity causes: water loss/dehydration,
adrenal insufficiency, hepatic disease, or congestive
heart failure.

Question 4

causes for microscopic hematuria

Answer 4

• UTI
• benign prostate hyperplasia
• urinary calculi

Question 5

Magnesium - hypermagnesemia

Answer 5

acute and chronic renal failure
magnesium overload
magnesium release from intracellular space

Question 6

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 6

• chronic alcoholism
• childhood malnutrition
• lactation
• malabsorption
• acute pancreatitis
• hypothyroidism
• chronic glomerulonephritis
• aldosteronism
• prolong IV feeding

Question 7

Phosphate - hypophosphatemia

Answer 7

• glucose
• respiratory alkalosis
• insulin
  lowered renal phosphate threshold

Question 8

Anion gap

Answer 8

looking at unmeasured anions

Na + K - Cl+hco3

normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
- causes: diarrhoea, renal tubular acidosis, GI fistula

increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
- causes: diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acid acidosis

Question 9

primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 9

increase in ca and low phosphate

loss of bone tissue