Urinalysis

Question 1

3 aspects of urinalysis

Answer 1

macroscopic, chemical, microscopic

Question 2

aspects of urine to examine (macroscopic)

Answer 2

volume, color, transparency, odor, specific gravity/[solute]

Question 3

normal urine volume

Answer 3

400-2000 ml/day

Question 4

normal specific gravity value

Answer 4

1.010-1.030 (higher can indicate dehydration)

Question 5

glucose normal limit in urinalysis and what positive result indicates

Answer 5

should be negative; positive can indicate excessive eating, pregnancy, stress; pathological: diabetes mellitis, cushing’s syndrome (excess of cortisol), liver/pancreatic disease

Question 6

bilirubin/urobilinogen normal limit in urinalysis and what positive result indicates

Answer 6

should be negative; always pathological: bile duct obstruction, liver necrosis, hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, large hematoma

Question 7

ketones normal limit in urinalysis and what positive result indicates

Answer 7

negative; nonpathological: ketogenic diets, fasting; pathological: starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 8

blood normal limit in urinalysis and what results indicate (3 types)

Answer 8

can be normal, esp for menstruating women, hematuria: the presence of blood cells, pathological: nephritis/trauma; presence of hemoglobin = hemolysis; presence of myoglobin = rhabdomyolysis (from muscle injury)

Question 9

pH normal limit in urinalysis and what results outside NL indicate

Answer 9

WNL: 4.6-8.0, generally ~6.0, persistently >6 -UTI, obstruction/renal tubule disease, metabolic alkalosis, <6 - diabetic ketoacidosis, excess dietary protein (uric acid)

Question 10

protein normal limit in urinalysis and what results outside NL indicate

Answer 10

negative-trace; nonpathological: pregnancy, severe muscle exertion; pathological-renal disease because something wrong with filtration membrane (increased permeability), UTIs, hematuria, glomerulonephritis

Question 11

nitrite normal limit in urinalysis and what results outside NL indicate

Answer 11

negative-moderate positive, positive indicates presence of gram-negative bacteria, UTI, bacteria confirmed w/culture, correlates with leukocyte esterase and presence of bacteria in microscopic analysis

Question 12

leukocyte esterase normal limit in urinalysis and what results outside NL indicate

Answer 12

negative-trace, enzyme produced by neutrophils, so indicates infection like UTI or chlamydia

Question 13

crenate RBCs in urine indicate

Answer 13

dehydration, high [solute] causes RBCs to crenate as water leaves

Question 14

cellular casts in urine indicate

Answer 14

cellular: epithelial, RBC, WBC casts indicate renal trauma/virus, glomerulonephritis, infection

Question 15

noncellular casts in urine indicate

Answer 15

hyaline casts, granular casts, waxy casts can indicate pathology if very elevated

Question 16

crystals in urine indicate

Answer 16

basic/acidic, can indicate consumption of certain foods in large quantity