URI

Question 1

upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

nose
pharynx
larynx
tonsils
glossitis

Question 2

lower respiratory tract

Answer 2

lower trachea
right and left bronchus
bronchial tree
lungs
pleural membranes
alveolar ducts
alveoli
mediastinum

Question 3

URI disorders

Answer 3

-rhinitis
-sinusitis
-laryngitis
-laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
-acute bronchitis
-influenza

-viral
-self-limiting disorders

Question 4

bacterial vs. viral

Answer 4

bacterial: swollen uvula, whitish spots, red/swollen tonsils, red throat, gray/furry tongue

viral: red/swollen tonsils, throat red

Question 5

what is allergic rhinitis and the clinical manifestations?

Answer 5

inflammatory disorder in upper/lower airway and eyes

S/S: sneezing, runny nose, itchy, congested, watery and/or itchy eyes

Question 6

what triggers allergic rhinitis and what happens when triggered?

Answer 6

allergens bind to IgE antibodies on mast cells and release inflammatory mediators (histamine)

triggers: dust mites, mold, pollen, pet dander – AVOID

Question 7

what triggers allergic rhinitis and what happens when triggered?

Answer 7

allergens bind to IgE antibodies on mast cells and release inflammatory mediators (histamine)

triggers: dust mites, mold, pollen, pet dander – AVOID

Question 8

when activated, histamine can cause:

Answer 8

causes majority of symptoms r/t an allergic reaction

-hives and itchy skin
-dilation of blood vessels (erythema and hypotension)
-bronchoconstriction (SOB)
-effect sleep/wake cycles
-increase secretion of acid in stomach

Question 9

where are histamines stored?

Answer 9

mast cells and basophils

(skin, soft tissue, blood)

Question 10

rhinitis

Answer 10

-common cold
-respiratory droplet

S/S:
low grade fever
headache
fatigue
nasal congestion
runny nose
cough

Question 11

sinusitis

Answer 11

secondary
anything in nose can increase risk (NG tube, blockage, etc.)

s/s:
-pain above or below eyes
-cloudy, green, or yellow discharge
-congestion
-throat irritation

difficult to treat with ATB (hard to get into sinuses), 7+ days

decongestants!!

Question 12

rhinovirus

Answer 12

early fall, spring, summer

lives up to 3 hours outside body

spread: droplet + contaminated objects

Question 13

pharyngitis

Answer 13

palate, tonsils, uvula
*cultures and rapid strep test

strep (bacterial) vs candida (fungal)

Question 14

laryngitis

Answer 14

inflammation of larynx (vocal cords)

scratchy/hoarse voice OR lose completely
difficulty speaking
redness

Question 15

laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

Answer 15

*inflammation of trachea (windpipe), larynx, bronchioles
*common in children

bark-like cough
stridor breath sounds
expiratory wheezing

Question 16

acute bronchitis

Answer 16

viral

clear to yellow sputum production

Question 17

influenza

Answer 17

viral: A, B, C –> types can mutate

*get influenza vaccine every year
*rapid onset: fever, chills, body aches

can lead to secondary PNA (deadly)

Question 18

sputum

Answer 18

mucus secreted by respiratory tract
traps particles that enter the bronchioles
cilia help move mucus and captured particles out

Question 19

epiglottitis: clinical diagnosis

Answer 19

inspiratory stridor and retractions
-rapid onset of fever
-pain
-difficulty swallowing
-drooling

*absence of bark-like cough differentiates from croup