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BIOL 1210 Lab Exam > Urchin Fertilization & Development > Flashcards

Urchin Fertilization & Development Flashcards

1
Q

What does cleavage produce?

A

blastomeres

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2
Q

Describe a gastrula

A

the stage after blastula in development when the blastula has been rearranged to form (usually) a 3 layered embryo (gastrula)

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3
Q

What is the significance of the fertilization envelope of the zygote?

A

it creates a block to polyspermy and allows only one sperm cell to fertilize the egg

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4
Q

What is the role of calcium during fertilization in sea urchins?

A

Calcium is released within the egg when the sperm cell makes contact with the egg. It causes the hardening of the vitelline layer to form the fertilization envelope and block polyspermy

it also resumes regular mitotic division of the cell

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5
Q

Briefly describe the process of cleavage in sea urchins

A

A series of rapid mitotic divisions which divides the zygote into smaller cells known as blastomeres

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6
Q

What species was used in this experiment? Give the latin and common names

A

Purple sea urchins

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7
Q

Define blastomeres

A

the many small cells produced by cleavage

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8
Q

Define blastula

A

hollow ball of cells produced by cleavage that will have a blastocoel develop in later stages

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9
Q

Define blastocoel

A

a fluid filled cavity that develops in later blastula stages

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10
Q

define gastrulation

A

a process that occurs when the cells near the surface of the blastula move to an interior location and form the gastrula

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11
Q

What surrounds an unfertilized sea urchin egg?

A

a jelly coat

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12
Q

What two structures comprise a sea urchin sperm cell?

A

head

flagellum

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13
Q

Define archenteron

A

the internal cavity formed during gastrulation which will eventually develop into the gut

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14
Q

Define blastopore

A

the first hole that forms at the open end of the archenteron

becomes the mouth in protostomes

becomes the anus in deuterostomes

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the mitochondria in the sperm?

A

located behind the sperm head, the mitochondria produce ATP to power the flagellum of the sperm

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16
Q

What species was used in this experiment? Give the latin and common names

A

Purple sea urchins

Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus

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17
Q

Briefly describe the steps of the procedure of the virtual urchin fertilization lab

A
  1. dilute the sea urchin sperm
  2. make separate slides of egg and sperm cells
  3. draw representative egg and sperm at 400x total magnification
  4. combine the sperm and egg cells to fertilize
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18
Q

What is the purpose of the mitochondria in the sperm?

A

located behind the sperm head, the mitochondria produce ATP to power the flagellum of the sperm

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19
Q

What is released within an egg cell when contact with sperm occurs?

A

Calcium

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20
Q

What does the release of calcium in the egg cause?

A

the exocytosis of cortical granules which turns the vitelline layer into a hardened layer = fertilization envelope

and it causes the cell to resume normal cell division by mitosis = egg activation

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21
Q

What is the function of the fertilization layer?

A

to block polyspermy and allow only one sperm to fertilize the egg

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22
Q

What is egg activation and how is it caused?

A

When the sperm makes contact with the egg cell, calcium is released within the egg and the cell can return to normal division by mitosis

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23
Q

What type of symmetry do adult echinoderms have?

A

radial symmetry with reproductive organs arranged in 5 sections around the mouth

24
Q

What type of symmetry larval echinoderms have?

A

bilateral

25
Q

How can spawning be induced in urchins in the lab?

A

By injecting a 0.5 M solution of KCl near the urchin’s mouth, causing the gonads to contract and release gametes

26
Q

What concentration of KCl is used to induce spawning?

A

0.5 M

27
Q

What chemical solution is used to induce spawning?

A

0.5 M KCl

28
Q

Once urchins begin to spawn, how can you tell whether it is female or male?

A

the colour of the gametes is the distinguishing feature

29
Q

What colour gametes will male urchins have?

A

white

30
Q

what colour gametes will female urchins have?

A

depending on the species, they can be red, yellow, orange or green

31
Q

Are male and female gametes collected the same way?

A

No

32
Q

How are female gametes collected?

A

placing the urchin upside down (mouth up) onto a beaker filled with sea water to allow the gametes to fall off the urchin

33
Q

How are male gametes collected?

A

Syringed off the top of the urchin

34
Q

What is the visual difference between an unfertilized egg and a fertilized egg?

A

unfertilized: has the attached vitelline layer, a jelly coat and does not have the hardened fertilization envelope
fertilized: vitelline layer has separated and hardened with calcium to form the fertilization layer

35
Q

What is the visual difference between an unfertilized egg and a fertilized egg?

A

unfertilized: has the attached vitelline layer, a jelly coat and does not have the hardened fertilization envelope
fertilized: vitelline layer has separated and hardened with calcium to form the fertilization layer

36
Q

What will the archenteron develop into?

A

the gut

37
Q

What will the archenteron develop into?

A

the gut

38
Q

What is the developmental sequence of sea urchins?

gastrula, blastula, cleavage

A

cleavage, blastula, gastrula

39
Q

What does the endoderm layer originate from?

A

the inner layer of the germ cells

40
Q

What does the ectoderm layer originate from?

A

the outer layer of the germ cells

41
Q

During the process of gastrulation, 3 body layers are formed: the endoderm, ____, and ectoderm

A

mesoderm

42
Q

If gastrulation did not occur:

A

the embryonic germ layers would not form

43
Q

What was the hypothesis being tested in the experiments of the ionophore paper? Was it supported?

A

both normal fertilization and ionophore activation affect the metabolism of the egg by releasing Ca2+ in intracellular stores

Yes, it was supported

44
Q

What is an ionophore?

A

a molecule that can carry ions across membranes

45
Q

What species of sea urchins were used in the ionophore paper? to measure what?

A

Lytechinus pictus was used to measure egg activation

46
Q

Did the ionophore work by allowing calcium from the seawater to get inside the egg?

A

no

47
Q

What will the archenteron develop into?

A

the gut = digestive tract

48
Q

Was there any significant difference in the rates of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS following egg activation with 0.5 uM or 5 uM concentrations of the ionophore?

A

No, they followed very similar progression over time

49
Q

Was the effect of ionophore treatment on membrane polarity similar to what happens during normal fertilization?

A

yes, it was identical

50
Q

How was the way the ionophore works determined in the paper?

A

the ionophore was used to activate eggs in seawater containing no calcium

51
Q

How was the way the ionophore works determined in the paper?

A

the ionophore was used to activate eggs in seawater containing no calcium

52
Q

T or F: in sea urchins, blastomeres are all the same size. why/why not?

A

true because there is no yolk

53
Q

T or F: in sea urchins, blastomeres are all the same size. why/why not?

A

true because there is no yolk

54
Q

Are echinoderms protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

deuterostomes

55
Q

Define deuterostome

A

mouth second in the digestive tract

BIOL 1210 Lab Exam (6 decks)

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