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US History > Urbanization and Gilded Age > Flashcards

Urbanization and Gilded Age Flashcards

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1
Q

“Cross of Gold” speech

A

a famous speech by William Jennings Bryan in which he asserted the economic importance of ordinary people and made the case for currency based on both silver and gold; suggested that a gold standard hurt farmers and other working-class Americans

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2
Q

allegiance

A

devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause

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3
Q

Americanization

A

to cause something or someone to have characteristics of American culture

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4
Q

analogy

A

a comparison of things based on ways they are alike

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5
Q

bank run

A

a panic in which so many depositors withdraw so much money that a bank collapses

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6
Q

black codes

A

southern laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans after the Civil War

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7
Q

Boss Tweed

A

the nickname of William M. Tweed, a corrupt politician who controlled the Tammany Hall political machine in the mid to late 1800s

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8
Q

bribery

A

the practice of influencing someone’s decisions by offering money or favors

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9
Q

clear-cutting

A

the process of cutting down and removing every tree from an area

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10
Q

Compromise of 1877

A

an agreement by Republican presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes to end Reconstruction in return for congressional Democrats accepting his inauguration as president after the disputed election of 1876

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11
Q

cooperative (co-op)

A

a group of people who pool their money to buy or sell goods at wholesale rates

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12
Q

corruption

A

use of power for personal gain

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13
Q

Coxey’s Army

A

a public protest group led by Jacob Coxey that marched on Washington, D.C. in 1894 to ask the government to help the unemployed; unofficial name of the Army of the Commonwealth in Christ

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14
Q

Crédit Mobilier scandal

A

a scandal in which the Crédit Mobilier company overcharged for building the Union Pacific Railroad and then used some of the extra money to bribe high-ranking federal officials

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15
Q

crop-lien

A

a system in which store owners extended credit to farmers under the agreement that the farmer would give the store owner a portion of their future harvest

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16
Q

Depression of 1893

A

an economic downturn caused by low bank reserves, overinvestment in railroad stocks, and low gold reserves in the U.S. Treasury

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17
Q

disenfranchise

A

to deprive someone of the right to vote

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18
Q

Ellis Island

A

an island in Upper New York Bay that served as a port of entry for immigrants from 1892–1954`

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19
Q

ethnic enclave

A

an urban area inhabited by members of the same ethnic group

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20
Q

Farmers’ Alliance

A

an alliance formed from regional groups that represented farmers’ interests

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21
Q

gild

A

to coat something in a thin layer of gold

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22
Q

Gilded Age

A

an era of U.S. history from 1870 to 1900 characterized by political corruption and extremes of wealth and poverty

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23
Q

grandfather clause

A

in the post-Reconstruction South, a law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867

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24
Q

Jacob Riis

A

an author best known for his book How the Other Half Lives, in which he documented the urban living conditions of the poor in the late 1800s

25
Q

Jane Addams

A

a female reformer who opened Hull House, a settlement house in the Chicago area, as well as exposed poor working conditions in local sweatshops and fighting for workers’ rights

26
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

laws passed in the South after Reconstruction establishing segregation of whites and blacks

27
Q

kickback

A

a form of bribery in which a portion of legally spent money is illegally returned to someone as part of a secret agreement

28
Q

literacy test

A

an examination to see if a person can read and write; used in the past to restrict voting rights

29
Q

lynching

A

to kill someone who is thought to be guilty of a crime without a proper trial or conviction, especially by hanging

30
Q

mandate

A

in politics, approval is granted by voters to a candidate they believe will represent their interests

31
Q

monetary policy

A

the process through which the government can influence the nation’s economy through changes in the money supply and the availability of credit

32
Q

Morrill Acts

A

acts passed in 1862 and 1890 that provided public land for colleges preparing students for careers in business, medicine, law, agriculture, and other trades

33
Q

nativism

A

a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants

34
Q

Omaha Platform of 1892

A

statement of the Populist Party’s grievances and agenda for reform

35
Q

Panic of 1873

A

an economic downturn caused by low bank reserves and overinvestment in railroad stocks

36
Q

parochial school

A

a school sponsored by a church

37
Q

Pendleton Civil Service Act

A

an anti-patronage law that required some federal jobs to be awarded based on a merit-based civil service exam.

38
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

1896 Supreme Court case that established the legality of racial segregation as long as facilities were kept “separate but equal”

39
Q

political machine

A

a group that controls local politics by trading favors for influencing votes

40
Q

poll tax

A

money that a voter has to pay to vote; used to keep poor voters from voting

41
Q

populism

A

the belief in the rights, wisdom, and virtue of common people

42
Q

Populist Party

A

a political party of the late 1800s that represented the interests of farmers and other working-class Americans; also called the People’s Party

43
Q

pull factor

A

a condition that attracts people to move to a new area

44
Q

push factor

A

a condition that drives people out from their homeland

45
Q

realism

A

the theory or practice of fidelity in art and literature to nature or to real life and to accurate representation without idealization

46
Q

satire

A

a work of literature that makes fun of its subject, often mocking vice or folly

47
Q

settlement house

A

an institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English

48
Q

sharecropper

A

a person, usually from the South, who raises crops for a landowner in exchange for a portion of the crops

49
Q

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

A

an 1890 law that required the U.S. government to buy silver and issue silver-backed dollars; repealed in 1893

50
Q

social gospel

A

a philosophy that stated that all Christians should be as concerned about the conditions of life in the secular world as those in the afterlife

51
Q

spoils system

A

the practice of naming family members, friends, and political supporters to posts regardless of their experience or skills; also called a patronage system

52
Q

subtreasury plan

A

a plan that called for the government to hold crops to control supply and increase prices for farm goods while also loaning money to farmers for 80 percent of the value of those crops

53
Q

Tammany Hall

A

a Democratic Party political machine that influenced politics in New York from the 1790s through the 1960s

54
Q

tenement

A

a building that has been divided into many small apartments

55
Q

the Grange

A

a group that helped farmers by providing community support and lobbying for farm-friendly laws

56
Q

Thomas Nast

A

a political cartoonist of the mid to late 1800s who was known for challenging bigotry and corruption; often mocked Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine

57
Q

urbanization

A

the process by which cities develop, including increased population, business, and structures

58
Q

Whiskey Ring

A

a plot by whiskey distillers to avoid federal taxes by bribing government officials and other business owners

US History (7 decks)

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