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Geography - Contemporary Urban Environments > Urbanisation > Flashcards

Urbanisation Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1950, ___% of people lived in urban areas, compared to just over ____% in 2014.

A

30

50

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2
Q

In the developed world, the urban population has only increased slightly since 1945. This is because

A

Urbanisation began much earlier than in the developing world, (I.e. The Industrial Revolution)
Many people are leaving cities such as London and New York

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3
Q

In the developing world, most people currently live in _________ _______ - but this is changing fast.

A

Rural areas

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4
Q

In developing countries, old cities are growing in size and new cities are forming.

Example?

A

Beijing, China

Urban population:

  1. 4million (1970)
  2. 4million (2015)
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5
Q

The four processes that involve the movement of people into and out of urban areas

A

Urbanisation
Suburbanisation
Counter-urbanisation
Urban resurgence

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6
Q

Urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of a country’s population living in a town or city

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7
Q

Urban growth

A

The Increase in the total population of a town or city

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8
Q

Urban expansion

A

The increase in size or geographical footprint of the city

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9
Q

Rural to Urban Migration

A

People moving to the cities from urban areas because of push and pull factors

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10
Q

Natural increase

A

Younger generation (15-40) moving to cities and having children -increasing the population

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11
Q

R-to-U Push Factors

A

Population Growth - over farming - reduced yields due to poor soil quality
Disease
Natural Disasters
War

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12
Q

R-to-U Pull Factors

A

Unskilled labour in high demand and better paid than rural areas
Money from informal sector
Perceived better quality of life
Better quality social provisions (education, healthcare, entertainment)

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13
Q

Impacts of urbanisation

A 
Urban sprawl
Housing shortages
Transport issues
Employment
Lack of services
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14
Q

In developing countries, urbanisation can lead to

A

Shanty towns

Unplanned and often illegal settlements made out of any material available

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15
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Decentralisation of people, employment and services towards the edges of an urban area

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16
Q

Push factors for suburbanisation

A

Poor quality inner-city housing
Deindustrialisation
Lack of aspiration

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17
Q

Pull factors for suburbanisation

A

Easy to get mortgages in 1930s – 50s
Transport
Businesses move to suburbs
Technology

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18
Q

Impacts of suburbanisation on suburbs

A 
Increased pollution
Increased infrastructure
Changing house prices
Utilisation of green and brownfield sites
Improved quality of living
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19
Q

Impacts of suburbanisation on city centre

A

Direction
Economic and ethnic segregation
Increased pollution

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20
Q

Counter urbanisation

A

Movement of people out of the urban areas to the rural areas and smaller urban settlements

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21
Q

Push Factors for counter urbanisation

A

Pollution
Congestion and parking issues
Suburban areas are becoming more popular – increased house prices

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22
Q

Pull factors for counter urbanisation

A

Larger houses
Improve quality of life
Increased car ownership and public transport
Technology

23
Q

Why have agricultural difficulties contributed to counter urbanisation?

A

Farmers are selling land to earn a living

24
Q

Impacts of counter urbanisation on rural areas

A

Changing population structure
Changing property prices
Local services impacted
New buildings

25
Q

Impacts of count urbanisation on urban areas

A

Reduced housing pressure
Reduced congestion
Loss of wealthy residents
Dereliction

26
Q

Counter urbanisation case study

A

St Ives, Cambridgeshire

27
Q

St Ives Location

A

65m north of London

28
Q

St Ives Evidence of Change

A

Population structure changing: no longer ageing

25% of the population commute to London daily

1961 - 3,800 (population)
2010 - 16,400

29
Q

Counter urbanisation effects on St Ives

A

Average house price (£130,000 to £290,000 between 2000 and 2010)

Traffic congestion along the A14

Change in population putting a strain on local schools

30
Q

Urban resurgence

A

Regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area which has suffered for a period of time

31
Q

Push factors for urban resurgence

A

Lack of rural services
Poor infrastructure
Lack of opportunity

32
Q

Factors for urban resurgence

A

More services
Modern and redeveloped areas
More jobs

33
Q

Impacts of urban resurgence

A

New shops and services

Increase in house prices

34
Q

A mega city is an urban area with a population greater than…

A

10 million

35
Q

In 1950, there were __ mega cities

_______ and _________

A

2

Tokyo and New York

36
Q

In 2014, there were ___ megacities and this is expected to rise to ___ by 2030.

A

28

41

37
Q

More than / of megacities are in __________ nations

E.g. Lagos, Nigeria

A

2/3

Developing

38
Q

Megacities dominate the n_________ and r________ economies of counties.

This is because…

A

National and regional

  • Companies choose to build their headquarters in cities with a high number of skilled workers and good transport links, (international airports)
39
Q

World Cities

A

A city that has political and financial influence over the whole world.

40
Q

World City Examples

A

London and Sydney

41
Q

Most world cities are located in the ___________ world but some are located in __________ economies.

A

Developed

Emerging

42
Q

In 1950, there were only _ world cities

A

4

London
Paris
Tokyo
New York

43
Q

Recently, economic growth in ___-rich countries such as Nigeria has allowed cities such as Lagos to become contenders for world city status

A

Oil

44
Q

Since 1945, world cities such as… have emerged as the leaders of banking and finance

Companies such as… have headquarters in these cities.

A

London
New York

HSBC
Lloyds
RBS

45
Q

World cities usually dominate international trade and regional economies in their area.

Example?

A

Tokyo - extremely influential in international trade between the East Asian nations

46
Q

World cities tend to have world renowned _________. They also tend to be centres for _________ with high quality ________ and _________ development facilities.

A

Universities
Science
Research
Development

47
Q

World cities are also rich in _________, with globally influential media and communications corporations. Attractions include…

A

Culture

Theatres
Museums

48
Q

World cities attract high numbers of people from abroad including

A

Migrants
Business visitors
Students
Tourists

49
Q

World city example

A

Paris

50
Q

Paris’ GDP, population and type of economy

A

$669.2 billion

10,415,000

Tertiary sector based

51
Q

Local Economic Impact (Paris)

A

Locals are provided with tourist related opportunities

52
Q

National Economic Impact (Paris)

A

Paris accounted for 30% of the wealth generated in France in 2014

53
Q

Global Economic Impact (Paris)

A

5th largest centre for investment in 2016

Geography - Contemporary Urban Environments (8 decks)

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