Urban Change

Question 1

In the developed world, cities have undergone rapid change since…

Answer 1

1970s

Question 2

Points to make about the ECONOMIC development as cities urbanise

Answer 2

• Job opportunites attract rural dwellers
• Businesses grow in size leading to more jobs and wage rises
• Commercial farming // subsistence farming as the primary method

Question 3

Points to make about the SOCIAL development as cities urbanise

Answer 3

• Higher living standards in city
• City may be a centre for cultural expression
• Migration = increased mix of people = welcoming environment for more migrant//segregation

Question 4

Points to make about the TECHNOLOGICAL development as cities urbanise

Answer 4

• Hotpots for technological advancement e.g Manchester - Cottonopolis (cotton factories)
• High-tech industries have emerged e.g Silicon Valley, California (attract specialists and jobs are well paid)

Question 5

Points to make about the POLITICAL development as cities urbanise

Answer 5

• May lead to increased inequalities between rich and poor, “working class” - manufacturing jobs
• Political movements emerge to represent the “working class” population

Question 6

Points to make about the ENVIRONMENTAL development as cities urbanise

Answer 6

• Migrants attracted to large and wealthy cities - more cultural and ethnical diversity
• Young people attracted by jobs and entertainment. They choose to stay and raise families in city - cities tend to have a younger population than rural areas

Question 7

The 3 processes undergone by cities in developed countries since the 1970s

Answer 7

1. Deindustrialisation
2. Rise of the service economy
3. Decentralisation

Question 8

Deindustrialisation reasons

Answer 8

1960s - developing nations: Singapore and Taiwan were able to produce goods at a cheaper price than Europe or N.America (low labour costs)

1970s - developed world couldn’t compete with the products from abroad

Industries collapsed, eg. Sheffield’s steel

Question 9

Deindustrialisation effects

Answer 9

Mass unemployment (more than 3 million in 1983) and poverty

Question 10

Rise of the service economy

Answer 10

1980s - service industries began to expand and dominate western economies

Question 11

Employment trends

1992
Manufacturing ___%
Services ___%
Construction ___%

2011
Manufacturing ___%
Services ___%
Construction ___%

Answer 11

1992
Manufacturing 21%
Services 68%
Construction 7%

2011
Manufacturing 10%
Services 80%
Construction 7%

Question 12

Causes of the rise of the service economy

Answer 12

Financial services needed to support manufacturing industries

Increase in tech = more services needed

Wealthier = more leisure/retail services

Question 13

Issues today as a result of the rise of the service economy

Answer 13

Unemployed men still without a job

of service jobs does not equal the # of jobs lost

Question 14

Decentralisation

Answer 14

As land prices in city centre increase, businesses relocate to suburbs. Lead to go city centre shops closing and buildings being abandoned, job losses and urban poverty

Increase in retail parks

Question 15

Since _______ British governments have tried to _____________ cities

Answer 15

1979

Regenerate

Question 16

4 main schemes to tackle regeneration

Answer 16

1. Urban development corporations - 1979 - 1990s
2. Enterprise zones - 1981 - present
3. City challenge - 1991-1997
4. Partnership schemes - 2010 - present

Question 17

Urban policy

Answer 17

Strategies used by local or national government to develop in areas and reduce urban issues

Question 18

Urban development corporations used ________ sector funding to restore derelict areas.

Answer 18

Private

Question 19

The first UDCs were established in ______ in the ____________

Answer 19

1981

London Docklands

Question 20

London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) Aims

Answer 20

Create jobs (12,000 had been lost in 5 years due to lack of appropriate skills in economic growth areas)

Reverse the process of inner city decline

Question 21

LDDC Successes

Answer 21

24,000 new homes
1,800 acres of derelict land reclaimed
Pedestrian waterside walkways and cycle routes
85,000 now work at London Docklands

Question 22

LDDC Failures

Answer 22

Locals unable to afford the high cost of new expensive houses
Skills required for new businesses coming in, old dockers didn’t have
them
Reduced community spirit

Question 23

In 1981, Enterprise zones (EZs) were established in areas of _____
unemployment

Answer 23

High

Question 24

EZs Aims

Answer 24

Attract start-up companies to create jobs (They did this by reducing tax, e.g. on land)

Question 25

EZs Successes

Answer 25

By 1990, EZs housed 5000 companies employing more than 125,000 people

Question 26

EZs Failures

Answer 26

Tax reductions encouraged many existing companies to move their premises and staff to EZs, limiting the number of new jobs

Question 27

City Challenge involved…

in the years…

Answer 27

Local authorities competed for government funding to regenerate deprived areas.

Private companies improved the physical/social/economic environment of the area

Question 28

City Challenge Example

Answer 28

Hulme City Challenge partnership Manchester

Question 29

Hulme City Challenge timeframe

Answer 29

1991-1997

Question 30

Hulme City Challenge Successes

Answer 30

Population growth of 3.3% since 1992, compared to a 0.2% increase in the city

Attractive housing

Question 31

Hulme City Challenge Failures

Answer 31

Unfinished feel due to lack of small retailers
Unemployment still remains high
Lack of affordable housing

Question 32

Partnership schemes time frame

Answer 32

2010 - Present

Question 33

Since ______, the government had worked with private companies to provide _________ support and _______ for urban regeneration - PARTNERSHIP SCHEMES

Answer 33

2010
Financial
Expertise

Question 34

Partnership schemes are designed to…

Answer 34

Improve physical/economic/social conditions in deprived areas