Urban Change Flashcards
In the developed world, cities have undergone rapid change since…
1970s
Points to make about the ECONOMIC development as cities urbanise
- Job opportunites attract rural dwellers
- Businesses grow in size leading to more jobs and wage rises
- Commercial farming // subsistence farming as the primary method
Points to make about the SOCIAL development as cities urbanise
- Higher living standards in city
- City may be a centre for cultural expression
- Migration = increased mix of people = welcoming environment for more migrant//segregation
Points to make about the TECHNOLOGICAL development as cities urbanise
- Hotpots for technological advancement e.g Manchester - Cottonopolis (cotton factories)
- High-tech industries have emerged e.g Silicon Valley, California (attract specialists and jobs are well paid)
Points to make about the POLITICAL development as cities urbanise
- May lead to increased inequalities between rich and poor, “working class” - manufacturing jobs
- Political movements emerge to represent the “working class” population
Points to make about the ENVIRONMENTAL development as cities urbanise
- Migrants attracted to large and wealthy cities - more cultural and ethnical diversity
- Young people attracted by jobs and entertainment. They choose to stay and raise families in city - cities tend to have a younger population than rural areas
The 3 processes undergone by cities in developed countries since the 1970s
- Deindustrialisation
- Rise of the service economy
- Decentralisation
Deindustrialisation reasons
1960s - developing nations: Singapore and Taiwan were able to produce goods at a cheaper price than Europe or N.America (low labour costs)
1970s - developed world couldn’t compete with the products from abroad
Industries collapsed, eg. Sheffield’s steel
Deindustrialisation effects
Mass unemployment (more than 3 million in 1983) and poverty
Rise of the service economy
1980s - service industries began to expand and dominate western economies
Employment trends
1992
Manufacturing ___%
Services ___%
Construction ___%
2011
Manufacturing ___%
Services ___%
Construction ___%
1992
Manufacturing 21%
Services 68%
Construction 7%
2011
Manufacturing 10%
Services 80%
Construction 7%
Causes of the rise of the service economy
Financial services needed to support manufacturing industries
Increase in tech = more services needed
Wealthier = more leisure/retail services
Issues today as a result of the rise of the service economy
Unemployed men still without a job
of service jobs does not equal the # of jobs lost
Decentralisation
As land prices in city centre increase, businesses relocate to suburbs. Lead to go city centre shops closing and buildings being abandoned, job losses and urban poverty
Increase in retail parks
Since _______ British governments have tried to _____________ cities
1979
Regenerate
4 main schemes to tackle regeneration
- Urban development corporations - 1979 - 1990s
- Enterprise zones - 1981 - present
- City challenge - 1991-1997
- Partnership schemes - 2010 - present
Urban policy
Strategies used by local or national government to develop in areas and reduce urban issues
Urban development corporations used ________ sector funding to restore derelict areas.
Private
The first UDCs were established in ______ in the ____________
1981
London Docklands
London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) Aims
Create jobs (12,000 had been lost in 5 years due to lack of appropriate skills in economic growth areas)
Reverse the process of inner city decline
LDDC Successes
24,000 new homes
1,800 acres of derelict land reclaimed
Pedestrian waterside walkways and cycle routes
85,000 now work at London Docklands
LDDC Failures
Locals unable to afford the high cost of new expensive houses
Skills required for new businesses coming in, old dockers didn’t have
them
Reduced community spirit
In 1981, Enterprise zones (EZs) were established in areas of _____
unemployment
High
EZs Aims
Attract start-up companies to create jobs (They did this by reducing tax, e.g. on land)
