Urbanisation Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
A process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns and cities and there is less living in rural areas
Where does urbanisation occur?
A worldwide process - began at different times in different places and still occurs today
What are the 2 main causes of urbanisation?
Rural to urban migration and natural increase
When did urbanisation in MEDC’s begin?
In the 18th and 19th century
How did mechanisation of farming technology lead to urbanisation?
New machinery = less work force needed = unemployment amongst farm workers= more jobs in cities
How and when did urbanisation occur in LEDC’s?
A lot later - only since the 1950’s and much faster.
Why does urbanisation occur in LEDC’s?
Mechanism in farming, chance of education, piped water, electricity, modern economic activities and much more entertainment in the city.
What causes more rapid urbanisation in LEDC’s?
Natural increase is more rapid and many have high fertility rates resulting in more rapid urbanisation
What is the rural urban fringe?
The border between the city and rural area
What does CBD stand for ?
Central business district
Where is the CBD located?
In the centre of an urban area
What are some features of a CBD?
Largest offices and shops, skyscrapers, high rise building which gives more space and helps to offset the high cost of land, widest variety of goods on sale, high land values rents and rates due to competition of lack of space, accessible location, few people live there
What is the inner City located?
Next to the CBD, this area grew rapidly at the beginning of the industrial revolution
What are some features of the inner city?
An area of old housing and industry suffering from decay, old high density terraced housing in a grid-iron pattern, old and sometimes abandoned factories, areas of derelict land, high rise flats, pockets of new developments
Where are the suburbs ?
Growth began with the introduction of public transport and increased car ownership, often cover the largest area, predominantly residential
What are some features of the suburbs?
Semi detached houses, small shopping parades, more modern housing estates, houses usually have gardens and garages often with areas of open space between them as land is cheaper there, expensive housing is often in the outer suburbs
Where is the rural urban fringe located?
On the edge of a city
What are some features of the rural urban fringe?
Large parks and woodland, more recently development of industrial estates and business parks, out of town shopping centres, hotels and office developments
Where is the CBD in Newcastle?
Newcastle city centre
Where is the inner city in Newcastle?
Jesmond
Where are the inner suburbs In Newcastle?
Gosforth
Where are the outer suburbs of Newcastle?
Ponteland
Where is the rural urban fringe in Newcastle?
Silverlink
Why are tall buildings built in the CBD ?
Because land prices are very expensive here so it’s much cheaper to build upwards
Why do many businesses choose to set up in the CBD ?
It’s generally more accessible
Why are shops often located in the CBD?
They are more easily accessible = more shoppers = more money
What is urban decay?
When a town or city falls into a state of disrepair resulting in unemployment and abandoned shops etc
How many of the population in MEDC’s are urban?
80% but this is not likely to increase
Why is the amount of people living in urban areas not likely to increase in MEDC’s?
Better transport so people travel further to work, city centres are expensive, people are now able to work from home, people want peace and quiet of the countryside
Why is the number of people who live in LEDC cities expected to grow?
Pulls of the city- higher standards of living, jobs, medicine, medical care, schools. Natural increase as young people are migrating then reproducing. not enough jobs in rural areas.
What pushes people from rural areas in MEDC’s?
Shortage of services
What pushes people from rural areas in LEDC’s?
Shortage of services like education, not enough food, drought, limited access to water and power, there are large families so not enough land for each heir, unemployment as farm machinery replaces workers
What pulls people in MEDC’s to the city?
Better access to healthcare, shops and entertainment, higher salaries, more jobs, urban areas which were run down have been redeveloped, industry is attracted to cities because there is a larger workforce.
What pulls people in LEDC’s to the city?
Better access to healthcare, shops and entertainment, higher salaries, more jobs, better housing, more reliable food source, industry is attracted to cities because of a larger work force
What is the similarity between the urban model for MEDC’s and LEDC’s?
Both have a CBD with high rise buildings in the centre
What are the differences between the LEDC and MEDC urban models?
MEDC has a logical and simple model however the LEDC model doesn’t have a set pattern as it is sort of randomised due to irregular growth. All other sections are different except CBD, squatter settlements dominate land use in the LEDC model however in MEDC models medium to high quality housing dominates
What are the reasons for the location of squatter settlements?
Land being cheaper is not the case as they just build houses wherever they please, poor qualify landscape where others don’t want to live, lack of enforcement of building regulations, often close to transport, the first place migrants arrive
What are some issues in MEDC cities?
Old housing, crime rates are high, graffiti can make the area uncared for, where there are many races violence can be a problem, pollution, congestion.
Why is demand for housing increasing?
Population increase, ageing population, migration, divorce, more people living alone, derelict houses
What are greenfield sites?
Those which have not been built on before. Usually in the countryside or on the edge of a built up area.
What is a brownfield site?
Have been built on before, the land has to be cleared before it can be built on again, often in the inner city.
How are brownfield sites more sustainable?
Building on land which has already been built on / destroyed
What are some advantages of Greenfield sites?
Cheaper to develop as there are fewer buildings to clear and industrial debris to remove, people prefer peace and quiet of the countryside away from the pollution, noise, congestion and crime. Land is cheaper on the outskirts.
What are some disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?
Need to build new roads, sewage, gas, water pipes which are all expensive. Harder to obtain planning permission on a greenfield site. People who live in the countryside don’t want developments and people changing the peace and quiet where they live
Why are some advantages of building on a brownfield site?
Government policy favours brownfield site developments for housing, people live closer to work = reduce traffic congestion, close to facilities and jobs in business parks and shopping centres, regeneration of the city, water gas and electricity and roads already provided.
What are some disadvantages of building on brownfield sites?
High density housing due to the cost of land, have to clear land before building on it which can be costly
How is the need for sustainable housing met in the CBD?
Turning empty spaces above shops into homes, building student accommodation is disused properties which were formally large outdated houses
How is the demand for housing being met in the inner city?
Updating and renovating terraced housing, demolishing slum properties and replacing them with modern townhouses, adapting former industrial buildings and warehouses into modern apartments, subdividing up large properties which have become derelict to use up empty spaces.
How is the demand for houses met in the suburbs?
Building more housing estates, leading to urban sprawl on the green belt. Building a variety of different properties to provide for different family sizes.
What are some problems in an inner city?
Housing lacked basic facilities, was old and needed replacing. Factories were closed but jobs not replaced, nobody wanted to live in high rise flats which were the governments new solution, run down, lots of crime, no parking, not enough space, no gardens or parks, litter, industrial work, poor air quality, graffiti, overcrowded, redeveloped new housing looks out of place.
