urbanisation Flashcards
Country with a low human development
developing
Country with a high or medium human development
emerging
Country with a very high human development
developed
An increasing proportion or percentage of people living in towns and cities
urbanisation
A city with more than 1 million inhabitants
Millionaire city
A very large city with a population of at least 10 million inhabitants
Megacity
A city that has influence all over the world ( a globally important city) world cities are centres for trade and business and they are also cultural and science hubs
Global city
The difference between a developed and developing countries can be shown on a model over time
Urbanisation pathway
The process which causes a town to grow and expand outwards
Suburbanisation
The movement of people from an urban area into the surrounding rural region
Counter urbanisation
Changing the image of an urban area and the way people view it
Urban re imaging
Developing a town or city to reimage it and change peoples idea of it, promoting a town or city to a target audience or market
Urban rebranding
This involves re using areas in the old parts of the cities abandoned as people moved out to the suburbs and beyond
Urban regeneration
Low density developments, vacant building plots and open spaces are being developed
Urbanisation of suburbs
a fundamental process that describes how economic activity in a region or city can affect other types of economic activity and lead to development
The multiplier effect
As a business/ city grows it can experience economies of scale. This is when the average cost of a product falls
Economies of scale
Things that make people want to leave rural areas
Push factors
Things that attract people to urban areas
Pull factors
The difference between the number of live births and deaths in a population over a period of time, usually a year
Natural increase
This is the heart of the city where you will find tall buildings and lots of businesses. It’s the place where people work and do business
Central business district
Here you’ll find older houses and small apartments. the people living here are usually working class individuals who have jobs like factory workers or manual workers
Inner city
The easiness by which people can reach the desired activity sites, such as those offering employment,shopping, medical care or recreation
accessibility
An undeveloped area of land that has not been built on before usually located on the outskirts of a city or town
Greenfield land
A piece of land that was previously developed but is now abandoned and awaiting a new use
Brownfield site
Contains medium class residential housing that was built between the 2 world wars. Often semi detached housing and council estates
Zone 4 - suburbs
The region within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce. As such, it is usually located in the central business district of a town or city and has the greatest density of transport links such as roads or rail
Peak land value intersection
The area between the factory zone and the working class zone
Transition zone
Countryside being ‘eroded’ by the outward spread of the built up area to provide space for housing and to provide space for housing and non residential areas
Urban sprawl
A person’s food intake is reduced and their eating patterns are disrupted because of lack of money and other resources for obtaining food
Food insecutiry
A situation where a country or household lacks access to energy or cannot afford it
Energy poverty
The heating of homes by coal fires. This is now done by the gas central heating systems
Domestic heating
Gases that are released into the air. In this case the gases are released from road vehicles such as cars
Pollution
a harmful greenhouse gas emitted from road vehicles
Nitrogen dioxide
Deaths that occur early
Premature deaths
These are the rules, in this case to do with how clean the air has to be
Clean air act
A group of 28 countries that work together politically and economically
European union
A collection of low quality, improvised housing built illegally on land that the residents do not own
Squatter settlement
The part of an economy that is not formally registered, taxed, or monitored by the government
Informal economy
An individuals perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations , standards and concerns
Quality of life
The presence of harmful substances in urban areas, such as air and noise pollution
Urban pollution
The area where the city meets the countryside and is characterised by a mix of land uses
Rural urban fringe
An area where company offices and light industrial premises are built
Business parks
A collection of buildings and facilities that support scientific research and development
Science park
An industrial park can be thought of as a more ‘heavyweight’ version of a business park or office park , as it has heavy industry rather than just light industry
An industrial park
A stakeholder refers to any group or individual who is affected or has an interest in a development, such as a new housing estate
Stakeholder
Businesses like shops, offices and banks cluster in the CBD because they need high accessibility to attract customers. These areas have high land values due to demand but businesses can afford them due to the high profits generated by in busy locations. Older industries cluster near the inner city for accessibility to transport routes, newer industries locate on the cities edge where land values are lower yet still meet their locational needs for large facilities and good road access, whereas housing clusters based on affordable and proximity to workplaces
Why do land uses cluster together
It refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases.
What is the bid rent theory
A model that explains how cities grow in concentric circles
Burgess
What are critiques of the burgess model
- its outdated cities cities have advanced since then eg regeneration and gentrification
- no blurring of zones
- based on only developed countries
Gentrification is the process of middle and upper-class individuals moving into traditionally lower and working-class areas in a city, displacing original residents as greater investment and prices begin to rise.
What is gentrification
City centre
In which part of the city are land values the highest
- Natural population growth - in cities, birth rates are often higher than death rates, due to improving healthcare causing the population to naturally increase over time this growth adds to the size of cities making them large enough to become megacities
- Rural to urban migration - people move from rural to urban areas in search of better jobs, improved education , healthcare and quality of life. This rapid surge of people increase the population of cities contributing to the growth of mega cities.
Outline 2 factors encouraging the emergence of mega cities
Informal settlements, which tend to form in areas without proper urban planning as the government cant keep up with the rapid rate of urbanisation
State one piece evidence that shows an urban areas may have experienced rapid urbanisation
Work that is unregulated and not officially protected by laws such as street sellers
Define informal employment
- Better quality of life - people tend to move out of urban areas for less congestion, cleaner air and more spacious housing
- Improved transportation - because of improved transportation links, people are able to commute to cities while living in rural areas , and advanced technology allows for remote working
Explain 2 factors that have contributed to counter urbanisation
- Green spaces - the creation of parks like kings cross pond club in central london provides recreational spaces as-well as helping reduce pollution by increasing greenery in cities improving quality of life
- Affordable housing - the uk government has invested in building more affordable houses, to reduce homelessness and overcrowding, improving living conditions
Explain 2 strategies designed to improve quality of life in urban areas in a developed country
It is cheaper to build on
Identify one advantage of building on a greenfield site
Community - to battle waste management in curitiba brazil, the community is involved in the green exchange program - where low income residents trade recyclable waste for fresh produce
Their local government - curitiba has a bus rapid transit system which uses designated bus lanes to reduce congestion and air pollution
For a named developing country, explain how two different groups managed challenges within urban environments
Income levels - residents of a city with a higher income would have access to better housing, healthcare and education improving quality of life whereas those with a lower income would have worse housing, healthcare and education leading to a poorer quality of life
Explain one reason for differences in quality of life
- Cost of land - higher land values are in the city centre encouraging. High density uses like offices, high rise apartments and banks whereas the further from the city centre you go the more the value of land decreases allowing for more spacious residential uses
- Accessibility - areas that are easily accessible like the CBD are often used for commercial activities - as they are more likely to attract business and customers throough major roads and public transport
Explain 2 reasons why urban land use patterns vary
Local councils - reduce pollution by introducing congestion charges eg in London to reduce traffic pollution, and the local councils focus on improving public transport to lower car use to reduce air pollution from vehicular emissions
Communities - cities like BedZED promote sustainable living with each home using solar panels, reusing grey water and incorporating energy efficient designs, to reduce environmental impact
For named developed country, explain how two different groups managed of people manage environmental urban challenges
Where people of different ethnicities and cultures live grouped together in their cultures
Segregation
It is more sustainable as existing developed land is being used, so no wildlife environments are being destroyed
Explain one advantage of building on a brownfield site
There are cheaper land prices and more affordable housing in suburban areas
State one reason why suburbanisation occurs
