urbanisation Flashcards
egan wheel?
8 criteria to built an ideal sustainable community
list criteria in egan wheel
- governance = well run
- transport & connectivity
- services
- environmental
- equity = fair for everyone
- economy = thriving
- housing = well designed and built
- social and cultural = active, inclusive, and safe
GTSEEEHS
circular economy?
system where materials never become waste and nature is regenerated.
products and materials are kept in cirucaltion via maintainance, recycling, reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing etc.
list the benefits of a circular economy
tackles climate change by
- reducing biodiversity loss
- regenerating nature
- eliminating waste & pollution
in current eceonomy, we take materials from earth, make products and throw them as waste. linear
in circular, stop waste production in the first place.
urbanisation?
process by which large no. of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
when people move from rural areas to these cities, pop. of cities to rise and pop. of rural areas to decrease.
economic opportunities for rural-urban migration
- employment & education
- industrialiation
- higher living standards
growth of industries in urban areas attracts workers
urban areas have»_space; job prospects and education facilities
ex. banglore transformed into a major tech hub. presence of IT companies and educaiton institutions has created numerous job opportunities, leading to influx of ppl seeking emmployment and higher education in banglore.
in odisha, significant portion of urban pop consists of migrants from bihar, west bangal to Bhubaneswar, Cuttack
better healthcare, transporation, and entertainment (improvement in quality of life)
ex. singapore
social factors for rural-urban migration
- political/governance issues
sub-saharn africa = inadequate investment in rural infrastrcture and surfaces by govt of kenya, somolia, ghana etc
environmental factors for rural-urban migration
- natural disasters & climate change
can displace populations and force them to seek refuge in urban areas
ex. 2010, 7.0 mag earthquake hit Haiti, >1.5 mil displaced, >200,000 killed. people moved from Léogâne, jacmel to Port-au-Prince (the capital; an urban area)
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences
housing issues
shortage of housing, resulting in the growth of informal settlements, aka slums
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences
slum?
informaiton settlement
characterized by
- poorly built, densely packed houses
- lack of sanitation, potable water, and electricity
slums are not sactioned by govt, therefore can be destroyed at any time
densely packed houses lead to an increased risk of disease transmition and fire hazards
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences
environmental consequences
- water pollution
- air pollution
- waste management issues
lead to environmental degredation
[untreated waste and industrial effluent dumped into water…]
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences
health impacts
- increased disease transmition
- reduced access to healthcare because hospitals are overcrowded due to increased demand
- respiratory and other health issues due to the pollution
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences
economic and social consequences
- lack of formal employment opportunities
- too many people and less infrastructure to support. reduced access to basic services lead to poverty and inequailty.
- due to lack of opourtunites and resources, increased crime rates, gang activity, and social unrest
informal sector = jobs not officially recognized or regulated, offering lower pay and less job security
ex. street vending, show shining etc.
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences
education and resource pressure
- overcrowded schools lead to reduced academic success
- inadequate resources and funding for schools
- some children forced to work instead of attending school
less academic success impacts skill development of children = -ve impact on economic developement of the country
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences - dharavi
water supply and waste disposal
- 60% of populaiton uses community taps, w/ water available only 2-30 min/day in some areas
- reuslts in 95% of ppl not receiving WHO recommended amt of water
- mithi river is being used as a dump for untreated oil and sewage from dharavi
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences - dharavi
social challenges?
- 1 toilet for every 1400 ppl in dharavi
- low awareness quotient due to lack of education
- low life expectancies due to poor living conditions and lack of medical facilities
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences - dharavi
economic challenges?
- high unemployment rates
- poor work quality, w/ many ppl working in hazardous conditions for low wages
250,000 people are employed in the recycling sector, where they handle toxic materials without proper safety measures. Many workers earn as little as $1 to $2 per day, far below livable wage.
rapid urbanisation: challenges and consequences - dharavi
env challenges?
- 77% of households have polluted water
- over 300 metric tons of waste produced each day
dharavi - how?
byproduct of extreme urbanisation in mumbai.
as housing for the rich in mumbai rose, the need for workers also rose. since these workers cannot afford to stay in such expensive housing, the demand for a cheaper place to live increased. due to urbanisation, there was no such space for such housing to be built, hence the rise of informal housing in the form of dharavi.
population density is very high, with over 500,000 people/sq km.
how to improve quality of life in dharavi?
vision mumbai project
- reduce slum pop. 10-12%
- build 1 mil low cost homes
dharavi redevelopment
- provide clean water
- sewage pipes for waste management
Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) introduced redevelopment projects
yokohama green spaces
- increased tree plantation and promotion of green roof tops
2
yokohama green valley initiative
- aims to reduce greenhouse gas emission and 10 fold increase in use of renewable energy
- introduction of community bicycles
- introduction of an award system for waste reduction by industries and commercial areas
energy consumption (yokohama)
- local production of energy for local consumption
- promoting energy saving houses
water recycling efforts, yokohama
1.water treatment plans
2.water reclamation
3.disposal of treated water into rivers ocean
4.sewage as a new energy source
