Urbanisation Flashcards
What are pull factors?
Pull factors are things that attract people to places e.g. employment opportunities
What is the replacement rate?
To maintain a population women have to have 2.11 babies.
The decimal caters for the children who will die in childhood
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the movement of people from rural areas to large cities, and occurs because of a number of push and pull factors
What are push factors?
Push factors are things that motivate people to leave their place of residence e.g. high crime rates
How has urbanisation changed?
There has been an increase in people living in urban areas
What is spatial distribution?
Spatial distribution is how resources, activities, human demographics or features of the landscape are arranged across the Earth’s surface
What patterns can be found in selecting a variable for spatial distribution?
Uniform when there is a clear relationship between data points
Random when there is no clear relationship between data points
Clustered when there is a relationship between data points but it may not be clear e.g. they are evenly spaced
What are the positive social impacts of urbanisation?
Better services
More cultural enrichment
Increased social interaction
What are the negative social impacts of urbanisation?
Rising costs of houses, food and utilities
Traffic congestion
Waiting times for facilities e.g. schools
Increased stress, isolation or loneliness of citizens
Higher crime rates
What are the economic impacts of urbanisation?
Access to employment and income
Access to infrastructure
Access to workers
Access to large customer base
Access to transport links for trade
What are the environmental impacts of urbanisation?
Air, water and soil pollution from factories, waste and transportation of people and products
Stress on the natural environment
Infrastucture
The basic facilities and system serving a country, region, or community
City Proper
Describes a city according to a geographical area/boundary
Metropolitan area
Boundaries according to the degree of economic or social interconnections of nearby areas.
World City
A city that has developed into a centre of global significance e.g. Sydney
