Urbanisation

Question 1

Distinguish between urbanisation, urban growth and urban sprawl

Answer 1

-Urbanisation: larger proprotion of population in cities from migration or natural increase (industrial rev)
-Urban growth: Increase in population of city
-Urban sprawl: Increase in size of city

Question 2

True/False:
-In 2008, world population become more urban
-India and Nigeria will have the lowest urban growth in next 20 years
-Tokyo is largest megacity currently with over 38 mil residents

Answer 2

True. False (opposite). True

Question 3

State 4 reasons why urban centres are important for human affairs

Answer 3

-Where political power and decision making is.
-Social/cultural centres e.g. museums.
-Ideas/innovation e.g. universities
-Economic benefits e.g. London financial services

Question 4

Give 2 general stats relating to megacity growth between 1990 and 2018

Answer 4

-Asia has seen growth of many megacities.
-17/20 fastest growing cities are in Africa, 2024. Industrializing and urbanization. Climate change forces them to change from manufacturing to service. Other countries are highly developed already.

Question 5

Define suburbanisation? Why was it popular in the 30s? Why recently in London?

Answer 5

-Greater proportion of population/services moving to the edge of the city.
-Greater arterial roads
-London=underground

Question 6

Give push and pull factors for suburbanisation/counter

Answer 6

Push: -Move away from industry or pollution/congestion to clean country side.
Pull: - Leisure/open space (rural idyll).
-Perceived better education.
-Sense of community.
-Spread of high speed internet= easier to work from home.

Question 7

Give 2+ and - of suburbanisation

Answer 7

+More employment opportunties.
+Upgraded transport networks such as rail or road.
-Greater pressure on greenbelt land.
-Congestion/pollution from the commuters who work in cities.

Question 8

What is counter-urbanisation?

Answer 8

Migration of people from urban areas beyond the city limit to rural settlements.

Question 9

Speke e.g: How much did population increase by between 1930 and 50?

Answer 9

Roughly 25k due to increased hosuing

Question 10

Causes of counter urbanisation:
-When was there economic decline in cities?
-What was the New Towns Act 1940s?
-What was green belt policy?

Answer 10

-Decline in 70s/80s due to deindustrialisation of major industries. Lots of crime, unemployment and pollution.
-1940s: Gov policies encouraged counter around London with transport links and tried to persuade by highlighting green spaces.
-Green belt policies restricted growth pf cities to protect environment. Developers therefore had to look beyond city limits. Commuter settlements e.g. Formby.

Question 11

Give 4 consequences of counter-urbanisation on TOWNs

Answer 11

-Greater house prices due to a rise in demand. Newcomers can often outbid lovals as they are more affluent.
-Rural turnaround: Young people move to the cities for jobs and education while elderly/families move to towns.
-Tensions between locals and newcomers.
-Loss of village character as smaller villages become large housing estates.

Question 12

Counter-urbanisation: New town Runcorn formed when? Why?

Answer 12

1960s. Helped overcrowding of Liverpool.

Question 13

What is urban resurgence? When in the UK? Explain what dead heart syndrome is.

Answer 13

-Economic or structural regeneration of an inner city area whic has suffered a period of decline. In the 1990s. Usually, encouraged by the government.
-Government feared dead heart syndrome where the inner city and CBD would become run-down and not function like it is supposed to and the outskirts would become more productive economically.

Question 14

Give 3 ways urban resurgence was encouraged. Give 2 push factors from the rural areas and 2 pull factors back to the urban areas.

Answer 14

Encouraged by:
-New jobs in retail outlets/malls (Liverpool)
-Regeneration of derelict buildings and gentrification.
-Private sector investment was encouraged.

Push from rural:
-Slower services such as broadband.
-Greater house prices due to counter or sub

Pull to cities:
-Young people for work, entertainment an education. ‘24hr city.’
-Derelict buildings regenerated to look attractive. Liverpool offered £1 houses in Wavertree. Though, the conditions were awful and would’ve required lots of investment to meet gov target. Good sense of community.

Question 15

Give 2 pros and cons to the city of urban resurgence

Answer 15

+Tourism might increase which can lead to a localised multiplier effect. +More people and thus more shops and businesses to reduce previous unemployment.
-Original residents still have low incomes.
-Tensions

Question 16

Give 3 features of Liverpool’s regeneration and subsequent resurgence

Answer 16

-Liverpool One: Over 1.4 million square ft of retail space. Variety of shops. Privately funded.
-Liverpool Two: Deep water port and cruise terminal on derelict dockland for trade.
-£1 billion Anfield project for housing development.

Question 17

Define megacity. Where are there no/few megacities? What is projected to be the largest by 2100?

Answer 17

Mega = Greater than 10 million residents.
-None in Oceania. Mostly in SE Asia, India, Africa and a few in Europe.
-Lagos. >70 million residents.

Question 18

Dhaka: One of world’s largest megacities:
Where? 2 opportunities and challenges?

Answer 18

-Bangladesh.
Cotton and silk trade. Vegetables.
Corrupt government and difficult access to clean water in slum/sqautter settlements.

Question 19

Define a world city. Give some examples of Aplha++ cities? Where are they usually found?

Answer 19

-Interconnected global cities that have significant economic and political influence. Usually in HICs such as London or NY. Mostly northern hemisphere. None in Africa.

Question 20

Why does growing city population often lead to greater productivity? Why might it not?

Answer 20

-More able and creative workers are attracted. Agglomeration. For eg, reduced costs of moving goods
-Barriers to productivity such as lack of transport networks or infrastructure use (deglomeration).

Question 21

World city importance:
Economically
Politically
Culturally
Infrastructure

Answer 21

-Eco: HQs of TNCs in world cities
-Political: Government decision making and summit meetings in London.
-Cultural: Centres of innovation. Learning and science parks.
-Infrastructure: Advanced transport such as London underground

Question 22

Give 3 causes of megacity growth
(cycle is: immature city, consolidating, maturing and established)

Answer 22

-Ports/trade
-Rural to urban migration
-Natural increase

Question 23

Give 2 SEE positives and negatives of megacities

Answer 23

-Social: Healthcare and education BUT high crime due to income inequality for example.
-Economic: Greater incomes for many and tech innovation BUT low incomes for dwellers and lots of traffic preventing swift delivery of freight.
-Env: Recycling and public transport BUT waste issues and pollution.

Question 24

Shanghai World City: Where is it?
How has migration, production and business investment helped?

Answer 24

-Eastern China.
-Migration: >100k graduates per year. Large growth in knowlege economy. Overseas workers who are skilled have been attracted.
-Production: Line of production centres along Yangzte. Supports exports.
-Investment: Continued growth due to overseas investment though disproprotionate in comparison to smaller cities.

Question 25

Urban Growth in Megacity Bengaluru:
Political impacts
Technological
Demographic
Economic
Social

Answer 25

-Pol: Electronic city for industry. Low taxes and high education investment for knowlege economy such as banking.
-Tech: 200 engineering colleges. Overseas/local investment. Highly skilled cheap labour. Reivest into training e.g. IT
-Dem: Growing dramtically and unsustainably. Lots of migrants for future growth.
-Eco: Large growth in knowlege economy. Luxurious apartments for wealthy. Largest Indian job-creating city.
-Social: Growing divide between middle-class and lower. Slums have been constructed due to greater housing prices. Alongside railways or rubbish dumps for example. Poor access to sanitaion or electricity (legally).

Question 26

Define deindustrialisation and decentralisation. Give 2 causes of each.

Answer 26

-Deindustrialisation: Long-term decline of manufacturing/heavy industry. Caused by:
-Increasing automation
-Multinationals relocating in areas with lower labour cost. Can’t compete with these.
-Less demand as people spent income on services instead.

-Decentralisation: Redistributing people, fucntions or power away from city centre. Usually shopping centres.
-Competition for space in the inner city forced some out. Cheaper on outskirts.
-Negative perceived image of cities

Question 27

Give 2 SEE impacts of deindustrialisation

Answer 27

-Social: Migration and unemployment. Social issues like crime and health.
-Eco: Less jobs and incomes meant more spent on welfare. -Reverse multiplier.
-Env: -Dereliction and pollution.

Question 28

Give 3 causes of a rise in the service economy

Answer 28

-Growth in R+D and tech innovation such as London science parks.
-Greater demand for leisure services such as theatre, surfing due to growing affluence.
-Rise of the knowledge economy e.g IT.

Question 29

Give 2 consequences of a rise in the service economy.

Answer 29

-Few highly-skilled jobs and mostly low-paid e.g leading outdoor expeditions or basic office jobs.
-Unemployment remains a problem (possible structural).

Question 30

Not including Liverpool’s regeneration, give 3 examples of urban regeneration since 1979

Answer 30

-Urban Development Corporations: Ensure effective use of land and enhance quality of life in deprived areas. 1981-88, London Docklands built 24k new homes and created 85k new jobs. Though, house prices rose, consequently, in some developing areas.
-1981-present: Enterprise zones have been set up to lower tax and offer gov support to encourage business investment. 18 new zones introudced in 2015.
-New initiatives: Bottom-up schemes set up to encourage local community to help regeneration for their own benefit. E.G City Challenge created 53k jobs for a local community.

Question 31

What is the burgess model? (Older)

Answer 31

Explains distribution of social groups. Correlation between distance from CBD (centre) and socioeconomic status.
CBD
Factories
Working class in terraces
Middle class in detached/semi
Green belt (stop urban sprawl)

Question 32

Give 2 negatives of burgess

Answer 32

Ignores regeneration and is too simplistic. Only relevant in more economically developed countries (same with Hoyt)

Question 33

What is the younger Hoyt model?

Answer 33

Various socioeconomic groups expand outwards from the inner city along transport routes. Eg low income near railroads.
More transport access= higher land value.
Wedges

Question 34

Give 2 drawbacks of Hoyt

Answer 34

Based on 19th century transport and doesn’t account for modern cars
There are exceptions