urbanisation Flashcards
What are super cities
-population of over 5 mill
-talks about supercities being larger than megacities
What are megacities
-population of over 10 mill
-definition has changed over time, reflecting the rate of urbanisation
What is the trend of megacities
-in 1950 there was only 2, this has increased over time
-was focused in HIC’s
-since 1990’s they have developed in LIC’s
-today there is 30
What are immature megacities
-growing rapidly in an uncontrolled way
-many are in Africa
-growth is usually due to urban-rural migration
-services can’t keep up with the growth leading to major health, housing and pollution problems
What are Consolidating megacities
-slower growth
-can provide basic services
-self-help schemes are important to improve development
-many people still work in the informal sector
What are maturing megacities
-more developed formal economy, with large service industries
-the majority live in legal, well-built homes and work in the formal economy
-advances transport, education and waste systems are in place
-managed efficiently
What are Established megacities
-stable cities which have advanced and effective governance
-often engaged in regeneration projects and urban sustainability projects
-many work in high-end, professional service sector jobs
-high quality of life
What are world cities
-can be any size
-recognised world wide and are unchallenged as seats of prestige, status, power and influence
-key hubs in the emerging global economy
-generally found in HIC’s
-with globalisation they have spread to LIC’s and NEE’s
Consequences of urbanisation: urban sprawl
-more roads and infrastructure is needed
-loss of farmland
-one of the main causes of wildlife habitat loss
-more impermeable surfaces increases risk of flooding
-longer commute time and more cars causes traffic congestion, increase in fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions
consequences of urbanisation: shortage of affordable housing in HIC’s
-increase in demand for accommodation leading to an increase in price
-in London prices rose by 50% between 2010 and 2015
-investors from overseas buy land and properties leading to less space being available to build affordable houses for people
Consequences of regeneration: shortage of affordable houses in LIC’s
-population density is usually higher which leads to the shortage of accommodation, these develop on the edge of the city or in areas of low land value
-these areas of low land value are prone to natural hazards
-estimated that 863mill people live in slum conditions
-they have a lack of basic facilities
Consequences of urbanisation: lack of urban services
-people don’t have enough money so they don’t have basic services
-infrastructure isn’t maintained so it cause congestion, flooding and spreading of disease
-in 2015 only 5% of piped water reaches slums in 42 Indian cities and towns
-over 100 million urban slums dwellers still dispose of human waste in the open and in the developing world most of it is untreated and sent into the environment
Consequences of urbanisation: unemployment
-nearly 40% of the of the worlds working age rural to urban population are without jobs and instead are in part time employment
-a high proportion of people who move city are relatively young, so there is more competition for employment because of the lack of skills and the competition for jobs due to over population. This can lead to poverty and slums being created and an increase in rate of crimes
Consequences of urbanisation: transport issues
-more cars has lead to traffic issues, during the car boom in 1960s they created wider roads but this didn’t work
-some research says no matter the infrastructure traffic congestion will always get worse
-some countries have introduced schemes such as park and ride, cycle lanes, congestion charges etc.
-created a large loss of billions of ponds through lost productivity
How has urbanisation changed?
-grown from 746mill in 1950 to 3.9bill 2014
-57% of the population live in urban areas (2019)
-still growing
