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Urbanisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

The increase of the proportion of people moving to urban areas

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2
Q

What are urban areas

A

Towns or cities which have high population density and majority of employment is not in agriculture

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3
Q

When did urban populations begin to increase

A

Post 1800

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4
Q

When did urbanisation rates begin to grow rapidly

A

Mid 20th century

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5
Q

How many people live in urban areas

A

55%, 25% increase from 1950

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6
Q

How much are urban pop expected to increase to 2050

A

68%

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7
Q

What was the urban pop in 1950 and what is it now

A

Was 750 million
Now 4.2 billion

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8
Q

Define suburbanisation

A

When wealthier people decide to move from the central city to suburbs in search of a better quality of life

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9
Q

Example of a suburb and distance to city centre

A

Horsforth 6 miles away from leeds

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10
Q

Disadvantage of suburbanisation

A

Deprivation of city centre
Building into green belt

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11
Q

Define counter urbanisation

A

The process of people moving out of cities into rural areas

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12
Q

Push factors of city to rural

A

Pollution
Industrial areas
Economics decline
Overcrowding

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13
Q

Pull factors to rural areas

A

Clean air
More slave
Value for housing
Countryside

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14
Q

Advantages of counter urbanisation

A

Forces inner cities to regenerate
Hells reduce house shortages

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15
Q

Disadvantages of counter urbanisation

A

Higher rural house prices
More traffic
Conflict between residents

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16
Q

Define urban resurgence

A

The process of people moving back into the city after the deterioration of the atea

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17
Q

When does urban resurgence occur

A

When govt/councils schemes are put in place to improve the QOL, economy and wellbeing

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18
Q

Negatives of resurgence

A

Can cause socioeconomic inequalities from gentrification
Excess wealth
Original pop can’t keep up with increasing prices

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19
Q

What is a Megacity

A

Cities with a population of over 10 million people

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20
Q

What percent of mega cities are in NEES

A

66%

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21
Q

Define world cities

A

Cities that have significant political and economic influence on a global scale

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22
Q

Role of world cities

A

Drive global economics
Financial hubs
Influence social affairs
Transport links (globalisation)
Rich culture

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23
Q

Social processes associated with urbanisation

A

Increasing multiculturalism
Cultural hubs
Access to jobs,education and healthcare
Wide rang of jobs to increase income

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24
Q

Economic processes associated with urbanisation

A

Shift in employment from primary to tertiary sector
Development Of businesses and industry
Economic inequalities
Higher cost of living

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25
Demographic processes associated with urbanisation
Cultural diversity Young pop looking for jobs
26
Define urban sprawl
The expansion of a city into surrounding countryside
27
Negatives of urban sprawl
Decentralisation- edge cities More fuel consumption Higher demand for housing Population ipgrowth Stress on resources
28
How did urbanisation change human affairs
Greater geographic mobility Lower fertility Longer life expectancy
29
How do cities reduce poverty
Hold much of the national economic activity, Government bodies, Better health Higher education
30
5 consequences of urbanisation
Urban sprawl Shortage of housing LICs Lack of services and waste disposal Unemployment and under employment Transport issues
31
Define gentrification
The buying and renovating of properties often in more run down areas by wealthier individuals
32
Example of gentrification in an area
Notting hill
33
What enabled wealthier people to move to the suburbs
Increase in purchasing of private cars Railway lines Growth of public transport systems
34
What are green belts
Areas of open space and low density land use around towns where further development is strictly controlled
35
What effected the controls on green belts
1950-60s increase in building council houses 1970s increased purchasing of houses and building of private estates
36
Which industry does counterurbanisation benefit
Agricultural
37
How does counterubanisation effect local rural services
They are forced to close down as urban businesses also move out Also more people can commute the the centre so don’t need the local businesses
38
Evidence for counterurbanisation
Increase use of commuter transport Increased value of housing Construction of executive housing Conversions of buildings to housing
39
Where and when did the Uk mainly suffer from deindustrialisation
In the 1970s, Manchester Leeds London and Birmingham
40
How have these cities bounced back from deindustrialising
Developed strong financial industries Attracted university students And young proffesionals
41
Example of a city which has undergone urban resurgence
The jewellery quarter brimingham
42
Which processes contribute to urban resurgence
Government led schemes Redevelopment in the private sector Private investment Globalisation and technological change
43
Example of an event which resurgence took place
2012 London olympics in east london
44
Negatives of resurgence
Displacement Pressure on infrastructure
45
Define de-industrialisation
The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector which occurred in the UK in the second half of the 20th century
46
What three factors contributed to de-industrialisation
Mechanisation Foreign competition Reduced demand for traditional goods
47
What are tertiary jobs
Financial services Retailing Transport Education
48
What are quaternary jobs
Knowledge/idea related jobs like computer programming or software designs
49
What has fueled the service sector
Population growth Supporting manufacturing industries Societies becoming more technological Societies becoming wealthier
50
Economic impacts of de-industrialisation
Loss of jobs and personal incomes Loss of tax income to authority De-multiplier effect
51
Name 3 different regeneration policies
UDCs - 1980s City challenge - 1990s New deal for communities - 2000s
52
Aims/strategies of UDCs
Regenerate inner city areas Businesses encouraged to invest Attract private investment Funding from ctrl govt
53
Successes of UDCs
Attracted £12 billion in private sector investment 190,000 jobs nationally
54
Failures of UDCs
Didn’t tackle social issues
55
Example of UDCs
London docklands development corporation
56
Strategies of city challenge
Cities compete with each other with their schemes for government regeneration grants
57
Successes of city challenge
Improved 40,000 houses Created. 53,000 jobs Reclaimed 2,000 ha of derelict land
58
Failures of city challenge
Resources spread thinly Allocated on a competitive unfair basis
59
City challenge example
Hulme city challenge partnership
60
Strategies of new deal for communities
10 year strategic programmes to transform the most deprived neighbourhoods Focus was on communities
61
Successes of NDC
Improvements in crime,education,employment etc
62
Example of NDC
Devenport regeneration company plymouth
63
Define urban policy
The strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems
64
Hulme city challenge key facts
Cost £37 million Built 400 new houses
65
Key facts Plymouth new deal
Received £72m private sector investment £1m funding from MoD
66
Key facts London docklands

Contemporary Urban Environments (7 decks)

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