Urban Forms And Socioeconomic Issues

Question 1

What does urban form refer to

Answer 1

The physical characteristics,layout, size and land use of a city

Question 2

Physical factors of urban forms

Answer 2

Natural resources- can encourage development
Water-barrier to growth, agriculture benefits
Topography - ease to build on
Climate- permafrost would be inpenetrable

Question 3

Human factors of urban forms

Answer 3

Wealth and development
Planning
Patterns of growth (burgess model)
Economic activities

Question 4

Name 4 new urban landscapes

Answer 4

Cultural and heritage quarters
Edge cities
Mixed use developments
Fortress developments

Question 5

What cities are pmwc

Answer 5

Ones changing their industries architecture and land use to keep up with the socioeconomic changes

Question 6

Characteristics of PMWCs

Answer 6

Unusual architecture e.g gherkin
Main sectors tertiary and quaternary
Fragmented
Socioeconomic inequality

Question 7

5 reasons for gentrification

Answer 7

The rent gap
Changing household competition
Reducing commuting costs
Reputation of areas
Encouraged by council

Question 8

Benefits of gentrification

Answer 8

Increased tax revenue
Increased prosperity of business
Improves environment

Question 9

Costs of gentrification

Answer 9

Low income groups out priced
Threat to community
Tension
Loss to low order services

Question 10

what are cultural and heritage quarters

Answer 10

Large areas recognised as having cultural importance, and historically important sites

Question 11

What are fortress developments

Answer 11

Areas are secured off from public access, and only people with permission are allowed to entre

Question 12

What are edge cities

Answer 12

An area of business,shops and entertainment usually by major transport links
They develop due to cheaper land being available outside the CBD

Question 13

What are the causes of differences in land pattern between HICs and LICs

Answer 13

Speed of urbanisation
Wealth
Regulations

Question 14

Where are high class residents located in LICs

Answer 14

Inner city e.g Mumbai millionaires

Question 15

What are buildings like on the outside of cities in HICs

Answer 15

Suburban housing largely open spaces

Question 16

What is residential buildings like in outside of cities LICS

Answer 16

Slums, rapid urbanisation and poverty driven
Poor quality housing

Question 17

Negatives of fortress landscapes

Answer 17

Alienation
Segregation
Inequality

Question 18

Issues of economic inequality

Answer 18

Physical segregation
Deprivation of areas
Hig unemployment
Poor access to education

Question 19

City in UK which is economic inequal

Answer 19

London (west and east)

Question 20

What can emerge as a consequence of economic inequality

Answer 20

Gang activity
Antisocial crime
Low unemployment/economic growth

Question 21

Why might low income areas have bad access to education and jobs

Answer 21

Poor transport links

Question 22

What drives creation of cultural diversity

Answer 22

International migration

Question 23

Why do people migrate

Answer 23

Better work opportunities
Services
Higher quality of life

Question 24

Issues that arise due to cultural diversity

Answer 24

Low tolerance - prejudice behaviour
Under representation (food shops,worship areas)
Lack of resources e.g. multiple languages of info sharing

Question 25

Define social segregation

Answer 25

Where groups of people live apart due to the factors such as wealth ethnicity religion or age

Question 26

Issues of social segregation

Answer 26

Derogatory stereotypes of areas Isolation Neglected by government

Question 27

Strategies to manage urban issues

Answer 27

City minimum wages e.g London and New York however some LICs don’t even have MW Fair rent and housing policies e.g Mauor of London promised 17,00 0 a year affordable houses Recognising informal housing issues Emcouragin multiculturalism

Question 28

3 general regeneration policies

Answer 28

Retraining workers (issue of structural unemployment) Tax levying for investment Environmental regulations

Question 29

Benefits of government investing on infrastructure

Answer 29

Maintain growth and improve the accessibility to regeneration regions

Question 30

Define re-urbanisation

Answer 30

The large scale govt backed movement of people into the city centre as part of regeneration

Question 31

Trends in re urbanisation

Answer 31

Young professionals Relaxed development rights Studentification Entertainment districts Effective public transport

Question 32

What has led to rapid rise of mega cities

Answer 32

Globalisation and economic competition

Question 33

What does population growth not match

Answer 33

Growth in resources and infrastructure

Question 34

Characteristics if mega cities

Answer 34

Diversified employment markets Opportunity to expand access to services Higher levels of education and healthcare

Question 35

Characteristics of a world city

Answer 35

High employment in info service sector High quality educational institutions Political decision making powers Domination of trade of a large surrounding areas Centre of innovation

Question 36

Where did industrial areas develop

Answer 36

Close to rivers for power and transportation Flat land

Question 37

What is the PVLI

Answer 37

Peak land value intersection where land value is highest and it decreases out from that poiny

Question 38

Land use in the CBD

Answer 38

Shops, offices, emtertainment

Question 39

Land use in the inner city

Answer 39

Old housing and light manufacturing

Question 40

What is the rent gap (gentrification)

Answer 40

When the price of the property has fallen below its real value usually due to lack of maintenance

Question 41

How much did Liverpool city council sell homes for in 2013

Answer 41

£1

Question 42

Strategies adopted for fortress landscapes

Answer 42

cctv Railings and fencing Mosquito alarms

Question 43

What are edge cities a result of

Answer 43

Urban sprawl

Question 44

Where and why has edge cities emerged the most

Answer 44

USA Increased car ownership Planning restrictions in suburbs

Question 45

How many edge cities in LA

Answer 45

20

Question 46

Main consequence of edge cities

Answer 46

Social segregation

Question 47

What is meant by the term postmodernism

Answer 47

Changes that took place in western society and culture in late 20th century

Question 48

What are the seven dimensions of deprivation (IMD)

Answer 48

Income, employment, health deprivation, education, crime, barriers to housing and services, living environment

Question 49

Difference between poverty and inequality

Answer 49

Poverty - an absolute term, level of deprivation that does not change over time Inequality - a relative term, referring to differences between people over geographic distribution

Question 50

Why is their greater cultural diversity in cities

Answer 50

Greater range of employment First point of entry Specialist ethnic shops

Question 51

Issues of cultural diversity

Answer 51

Extra pressure in stretched urban resources Lack of bilingual literature Catering for specific illnesses

Question 52

Reasons for ethnic segregation

Answer 52

Source of cheap labour forces them to cheap housing areas Less successful, in securing mortgage loans Hostility from majority of population White flight - detroit

Question 53

How has the UK try to resolve ethnic segregation

Answer 53

Legislation on anti racism and employment rights