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Geography Paper 2 > Urbanisation > Flashcards

Urbanisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The growth of the proportion of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

Explain the rate of urbanisation in HICs

A

Low rate - more economically developed so have already experienced urbanisation. Around 80% of the populations live in urban areas so people leave for a quiet, rural life

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3
Q

Explain the rate of urbanisation in LICs

A

High rate - less economically developed - only 30% of populations live urban areas

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4
Q

Explain the rate of urbanisation in NEEs

A

Medium rate - development is increasing rapidly - urban population around 50% but can be much higher

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5
Q

What causes urbanisation?

A

-Rural-urban migration
-Natural increase (higher birth than death rate)

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6
Q

What are some push factors of an area?

A

-Natural disasters - damages are expensive, rural areas harder to recover (fewer resources)
- Mechanised agricultural equipment causes unemployment
- Desertification - land is unproductive so people/farmers can’t support themselves

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7
Q

What are some pull factors of an area?

A
  • More (better paid) jobs in urban areas
  • Better access to healthcare + education
  • Other family members may have already moved
  • People think they’ll have a better quality of life
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8
Q

What prevents the decline of urban populations?

A

Usually young people move there to find work, they then have children, increasing the population
Access to better healthcare increases life expectancy

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9
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A very large city with a population over 10 million

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10
Q

What are the opportunities of megacities?

A

-Employment opportunities
- Social opportunities
- Transport
- Education
- Access to resources
- Healthcare

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11
Q

What are the challenges of megacities?

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Congestion
  • Housing
  • Infrastructure
  • Competition for employment
  • Water/air pollution
  • Crime
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12
Q

What is the importance of Rio de Janeiro regionally?

A
  • Has 5 huge industrial districts that provide employment and boost the local economy
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13
Q

What is the importance of Rio de Janeiro nationally?

A
  • Rio Carnival one of the most important cultural events of Brazil
  • Brazil’s 2nd most important industrial city (produces 5% of GNI)
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14
Q

What is the importance of Rio de Janeiro globally?

A
  • Hosted the World Cup and Olympics
  • Contains 2 major international airports
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15
Q

Describe Rio’s North Zone

A
  • Main industrial/port area
  • Has an international airport, football stadium + national park
  • Has low-quality housing and favelas
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16
Q

Describe Rio’s West Zone

A
  • Changed from a lower-class to a wealthy tourist area
  • Industrial area has low-quality housing
    -Has the main Olympic stadiums
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17
Q

Describe Rio’s Centro zone

A
  • Oldest historic buildings
  • Main shopping and financial centres
  • Largest oil/mining companies based here
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18
Q

Describe Rio’s South Zone

A
  • Main tourist hotels / beaches
  • Wealthiest district of South America
  • Overlooked by largest favela of South America
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19
Q

What are some social challenges in Rio?

A
  • Healthcare - only 55% have access to health clinic, life expectancy in west zone 45 years
  • Education - shortage of schools and teachers (low pay + lack of training)
  • Water supply - 12% of Rio don’t have access to running water
  • Energy - city has frequent blackouts
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20
Q

What are the solutions to social challenges in Rio?

A
  • Healthcare - mobile health clinics to people’s homes
  • Education - giving school grants to poor families + encouraging volunteers in schools
  • Water - 300km of water pipes laid, 7 treatment plants built
  • Energy - 60km new power lines + new HEP plant
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21
Q

What is the difference between formal and informal economy?

A

Formal - people receive a regular wage, pay tax and have rights
Informal - work outside the government’s knowledge

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22
Q

What are the economic challenges in Rio?

A

Increased unemployment after a deep recession in 2015
Many people do informal work - it is poorly paid and irregular

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23
Q

What are the solutions to economic challenges in Rio?

A

Schemes set up to help people develop new skills and find a job

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24
Q

What are the environmental challenges in Rio?

A
  • Air pollution - heavy traffic congestion (cars increased by 40% in last decade) = emissions, kills 5000 annually
  • Water pollution - 200 tonnes raw sewage enters bay daily, pollution damages beaches + tourism
  • Waste pollution - waste lorries can’t access places on steep slopes without proper roads - encourages rats + diseases like cholera
25
Q

What are the solutions to the environmental challenges in Rio?

A
  • Air pollution - expanding metro system + new toll roads to reduce congestion
  • Water pollution - 12 new sewage works built + ships fined for discharging oil
  • Waste pollution - power plant built near university that uses rotting rubbish to produce electricity
26
Q

What is a favela? Where are they usually found in Rio?

A

A squatter settlement (illegal settlement where people have built on land they don’t own - have great social deprivation)
Usually found in the North Zone with some in Centro

27
Q

What are the economic challenges of favelas?

A
  • Unemployment up to 20%
  • Average monthly income < £75
28
Q

What are the environmental challenges of favelas?

A
  • limited access due to steep roads
  • on steep slopes, heavy rain causes landslides. 2004 - 13,000 homes lost from landslides
29
Q

What are the social challenges of favelas?

A
  • Infant mortality rates up to 50 per 1000
  • 50% have no sewage, 30% no electricity
  • Murder rate 20 per 1000 people
30
Q

What is the Favela-Bairro project?

What are three aspects?

A

A scheme to improve the quality of life in favelas

-Police Pacifying unit (300 officers) to tackle drug crime
- Cable car from favelas to city (cut journey time from 2 hours to 16 mins)
- Free school programmes for children

31
Q

What were some disadvantages of the Favela-Bairro project?

A
  • Only improved 60/600 favelas
  • Cost $1 billion
  • Short term - can’t be maintained`
32
Q

Where are most cities in the UK located?

A
  • Areas of mineral wealth ( industries developed = rapid population growth)
  • Lowland areas (easier to build on + milder climate)
  • Coastal areas, especially sheltered bays (suitable for building harbours + key ports)
33
Q

What is a conurbation?

A

Towns that have merged to form continuous urban areas

34
Q

What are the four zones of most UK cities?

A
  • Central Business District (CBD)- usually in the middle, often surrounded by a ring road
  • Inner city - mix of land uses (mainly residential) - many short parallel roads
  • Suburbs - towards the edge of the city, mainly residential areas with cul-de-sacs
  • Rural-urban fringe - edge of the city, has open spaces + new housing developments
35
Q

What makes Southampton important regionally?

A
  • Solent Freeport bid approved - potential 52,000 jobs
  • £6 million investment into heritage
  • Retail - West Quay + Ikea
  • Southampton Hospital
36
Q

What makes Southampton important nationally?

A
  • Contributes £1 billion to Uk economy annually
  • University = Russell Group
  • Southampton Science Park = research
37
Q

What makes Southampton important internationally?

A
  • Cruise port has >2 million passengers annually
  • Port = international trade
  • Southampton International Boat Show
38
Q

What are the advantages of immigration in to Southampton?

A
  • Mainly young migrants help balance the ageing population
  • Enriching the city’s cultural life
  • University now rates 17th in country
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of immigration into Southampton?

A
  • Pressure on houses and employment
  • Challenge to educate children whose first language isn’t English
  • Challenge of integration into wider community
40
Q

What are the social opportunities in Southampton?

A
  • St Mary’s stadium allows people to watch football
  • Southampton Hospital leads cancer research
  • Showcase cinema, IKEA, West Quay
41
Q

What are the economic opportunities in Southampton?

A
  • Over 120,000 jobs in the city
  • 75% of population are economically active
  • Dock areas are still being developed
42
Q

What are the environmental opportunities in Southampton?

A
  • Ensures 20% of the city is green space
  • City council spending £600,000 on improving green spaces
  • £25 million into cycle lanes (reduces road emissions)
43
Q

What is deprivation?

A

Poverty (not having enough money to get by) and the general lack of resources and opportunities

44
Q

What is inequality like in Southampton?

A

Inequality in:
- health (Bassett life expectancy = 84, Redbridge = 79)
- education (Redbridge 60% get 5 GCSEs, Bassett = 80%)
- employment
- housing

45
Q

Why is there deprivation in Southampton?

A
  • Changes to industry:
    Decline in well-paid manufacturing jobs, now more retail jobs (more poorly paid)
46
Q

What are some social challenges in Southampton?

A
  • Children in poverty higher than national average (27%)
  • Number of houses owned is less than national average
  • Children with dental decay is higher than national average
47
Q

What are some environmental problems in Southampton?

A
  • Loss of green land (urban sprawl) = less habitats
  • Brownfield sites left empty + derelict = visual pollution
  • Bin collection changed from weekly to fortnightly + lack of recycling centres
  • Air pollution kills 110 annually (from traffic congestion)
48
Q

What has caused environmental challenges in Southampton?

A
  • Industry changed from secondary to tertiary
  • Rapidly growing population
  • Port has been growing in size
49
Q

Define:
-Brownfield site
- Greenfield site
- Commuter settlement

A
  • land that has already been built upon
  • land that hasn’t been built on before
  • where people live but don’t work - usually settlements just outside the city
50
Q

What is urban regeneration?

What is an example of urban regeneration in Southampton?

A

Improvement to an area to address urban decline

West Quay retail park

51
Q

Why did the West Quay area need urban regeneration?

A
  • Site had been disused for 7 years
  • Unemployment had risen above national average
  • Area struggled to attract major shops
52
Q

What were the main features of the West Quay urban regeneration project?

A

-19 large stores employ 400+ people
- IKEA generates £55 million annually
- Reduced deprivation by generating employment + attracting investment

53
Q

What is a sustainable urban area?

What is an example in Southampton?

A

Urban area where people have a way of life that will last a long time - environment not damaged + social/ economic factors will last

Townhill Park (£9 million investment)

54
Q

What do sustainable urban areas have? Give an example in Townhill Park for each.

A
  • Water conservation - toilets installed use less water + use greywater
  • Energy conservation -energy efficient heating, good insulation , double glazing
  • Waste recycling - has facilities e.g compost bins in every garden + paper/glass bins in flats
  • Creating green spaces - has communal garden with trees + allotment patches
55
Q

Why do cities need to manage traffic congestion?

A
  • Accidents from people crossing the road
  • Traffic jams wasting time in journeys to work
  • Road rage and noise
  • Air pollution
56
Q

What is Southampton doing to manage traffic congestion?
Give some advantages

A

SolentGo travel scheme:
- One card covers all public transport
- Cycle lanes created
- Pollution + number of cars on the road decreased

57
Q

Give some disadvantages of the SolentGo travel scheme

A
  • Expensive - £5 for one day’s worth of travel
  • App not compatible with iPhones
  • Some bus lanes have been removed because traffic was too bad
58
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

The unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding countryside

59
Q

What are the negatives of commuter settlements on the rural-urban fringe?

A
  • New housing developments harm the environment
  • Demand for houses increase house prices
  • Businesses suffer as residents move away to work
  • Large numbers of commuters increase pollution, congestion + parking problems

Geography Paper 2 (3 decks)

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