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Urban Geography > Urban Nature > Flashcards

Urban Nature Flashcards

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1
Q

Give two examples of futuristic art/literature about cities.

A
  1. Ballard Drowned world (1962)
  2. ‘I am legend’ (Dir. Francis Lawrence, 2007)
    - Also book by Matheson (1954)
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2
Q

What does ‘I am Legend’ (2007, Dir. Lawrence) suggest about the urban condition?

A
  • Urban nature pervades Manhattan in this (unlikely) apocalyptic future
  • Yet makes it look as though nature could only reclaim the city once people are gone
  • Reinforces an ‘urban realism’ (cf. Fisher 2008) devoid of nature
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3
Q

Who has commented on the agoraphobia aspects of cities?

A

Vidler 2000 - warped space

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4
Q

What did the “Ideal city” painting (c.1475) depict the city as?

A

A place devoid of people, industry and nature. Geometric

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5
Q

What is ironic about Garden Cities in the UK?

A

Actually rational and car-dominated!

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6
Q

How can different public spheres in the city be represenred?

A
  • Private spaces for some activities (e.g., Warm Rooms in St Petersburg - Petri 2022)
  • Public houses (drunkenness) vs cafes (civilised)
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7
Q

What was one of the first truly PUBLIC parks?

A

Birkenhead park (1847)

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8
Q

What is a good essay on gendered experiences of London?

A

Woolf 1930

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9
Q

Is there such a thing as inherently urban problems?

A

No, really the consequence of capitalism (e.g., Engels “And yet there is a great deal of money made here; good day, sir”

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10
Q

What did plants historically (and today) represent?

A

Represented geopolitical power

  • The more ornate the plants = the more regional power dominance
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11
Q

What is significant about the Louisiana Sculpture park in Denmark?

A

People can access the art and nature

  • est 1958
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12
Q

Is central park really nature?

A

No, it is as much an engineering feat by Olmsted

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13
Q

Was central park originally planned in NCY?

A

Not in the “grid-iron plan” (1811)

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14
Q

How did central park affect surrounding areas?

A
  • Concerns initially (tax and disorder)
  • Yet caused rent rise - speculative capital invested in surrounding properties
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15
Q

How many entries were there for central park?

A

31 entries for the design
- Olmsted’s pastoral landscape winner
- Features ‘the Ramble’, a simulacrum of a natural landscape
- Also formal elements - water features etc

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16
Q

What were Olmsted’s ideas of central park?

A
  • TO create a pastoral landscape for romanticism-inspired improvement of city lives
  • A city for the public + mass migration
  • Yet technocratic, no consultation

FIND CITATION

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17
Q

What happened after central park opened?

A
  • Elite playground (by 1859 according to photos)
  • Millions of visitors by 1870s
  • Complaints in 1930s “Let ‘em play”
  • After ww2 a political space for civil soc movements and protest (cf. Nissen 2008)
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18
Q

What happened to central park from 1980s onwards?

A
  1. Disrepair in 1970s
    2.Central Park conservancy from 1980s
  2. Became semi-privatised, funded by philanthropic donations

.

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19
Q

What did Moses and Olmsted have in common?

A
  • No consultation
  • Simplified complex issues
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20
Q

What has Koolhaas (1978) highlighted about central park?

A
  • A form of taxidermy
  • A fragment of an original nature

YET ONLY A SIMULACRUM!

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21
Q

What is Gilles Clement’s “third landscape”?

A

That the landscape should be left alone - it is a space of resistance

(Clement 2015)

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22
Q

What is ironic about non-design?

A

Design is needed for it!
- There are intentionalities in the “Third Landscape” (Clement 2015)
- Parks are “in movement”

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER

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23
Q

What is interesting about Parc Henri Matisse, Lille?

A

It is a refuge for a nature in a park…
- Yet parks are often considered refuges for nature…
- What is natural and what are remnants??
-

24
Q

What is an “urban arcadia”?

A

A place of escape and solitude

25
Q

What typology did Matthew suggest re urban nature?

A
  1. Systems-based approach [scientific]
  2. Observational paradigms [ethnographies of nature?]
    [also scientific “problems” of urban nature/ecosystems]
  3. Urban Pol Eco (UPE) [Marxist / metabolism - could itself be split]
  4. Ecological Pluiverse [assemblages / ANT]

NOT SET IN STONE [own additions in brakets]

26
Q

Who is associated with the systems-based approach to urban nature?

A

Paul Duvigneaud
- Trained in tropical ecology
- Sankey diagrams of urban metabolism

27
Q

Who has devised a focus on “urban problems”?

A

Alberti 2005

  • Built environment considered to be detrimental to urban nature and ecosystems
28
Q

Does Alberti (2005) break down urban-rural dualism?

A
  • Looks at nature in cities
  • Yet nature still seen as the Other to the city
  • City is always and inherently capitalist
29
Q

What is important to consider about scientific, systems-based approaches to urban nature (and capitalist research generally)?

A
  • Funding?
  • In whose interests?
30
Q

When were observational paradigms of urban nature predominant? What is an example?

A

In the 19th century (e.g., Deakin 1855 - Flora of the colosseum)

Good links to ruins, destruction and memory

31
Q

Who has written about their personal experience of WW2 bomb sites?

A

Rose Macaulay ‘The World, My Wilderness’ (1950)

32
Q

What did the Berlin School of urban nature highlight?

A

Cosmopolitan ecologies of post-war Berlin

(see Gandy 2022)

33
Q

What do recombinant/ cosmopolitan ecologies highlight?

A

What nature is welcome / unwelcome in urban space?

  • Example = ring-necked parakeets
34
Q

How does the observational paradigm for urban nature exist today?

A

Observational science and citizen science projects (scaling up)

  • Big Garden Birdwatch!
35
Q

Who has highlighted how plants in ports are emblematic of colonialism?

A

Alves 2004

36
Q

Who highlighted the dialectic between myth and enlightenment?

A

Horkheimer and Adorno 1944 - the dialectic of enlightenment

  • The enlightenment conceals the reality of nature and culture (and presents them as a dualism)
37
Q

What does PE in the Global South focus on?

A

The political economy

38
Q

What is overlooked in UPE?

A

Neo-vitalism (the agency of matter)

39
Q

Why are environmental science fictions useful?

A
  • Increasingly read
  • Spreads information and galvanises interests
40
Q

Who has suggested that we expand our horizons to reflect on different perspectives, economies and societies?

A

Arturo Escobar 2019 - Pluriverse: a post-development dictionary

41
Q

What is a (albeit minor) problem with discussions concerning re-wilding urban space?

A

Assumes that urban space is not already wild

  • Integrating animals in different ways
  • Exploit the invisible animals whilst introducing the non-invisible!?
42
Q

What film has deconstructed human-animal relations?

A

‘Wild’ (Dir. Krebitz 2016)
- Wolf becomes domesticated
- Human becomes undomesticated

43
Q

When considering Rights to the City, how can these be expanded further?

A

More-than-human rights to the city

44
Q

How are animals architecturally incorporated into cities?

A

Human housing and aspects designed for non-humans

45
Q

What did the ostvaardespladen highlight about the ethics of re-wilding?

A

When do you intervene?

  • Adverts to public generate criticism
46
Q

Who has recently discussed ruderal natures in the city?

A

Stoetzer 2022 - ruderal city and natures

47
Q

What tradition has merged urban ecology with UPE?

A

The Berlin School

48
Q

What are 3 emerging challenges for UPE?

A
  • Unify with urban ecology and transect studies (also neo-vitalism and affect)
  • What about neo-Lefebvrian complete urbanisation? What makes UPE specific?
  • Zoonotic urbanisation and corporeal natures
49
Q

What is forensic ecology?

A

cf. Weisman 2019

  • City and nature as a palimpsest of crime
  • Forensic Entomology (flies at crime scenes)
  • A global crime scene during the 6th mass extinction (?)
50
Q

Who has discussed ‘hostile landscape architecture’, as it could be called?

A

Mitchell and Staeheli 2006

Lawns replaced with ‘prickly plants and flowers’

51
Q

What does Nissen (2008) highlight about parks?

A

Parks “are equipped with rules and regulations that
permit certain uses and prohibit others”

Nissen 2008

52
Q

Who has discussed the use of “not-for-profit private management companies” control over Bryant park?

A

Nissen 2008

53
Q

What is a good case study for parks and private ownership/

A

Bryant Park, Midtown Manhattan (Nissen 2008)

  • Good links to central park too
54
Q

How is security involved in Bryant Park, NY?

A

“Uniformed and plainclothes security and police officers patrol the site” (Nissen 2008)

  • Consider incorporation into urban space
  • Private control and clientele
    ALSO ZUKIN 1995
55
Q

Who discussed the exportation of “urban planning” during colonialism? What are 3 key points?

A

King 1977

1) Urban Planning ideas trialled in Britain (unilateral flow ideas, they were “imposed” on colonies, ignoring other urban planning systems)

2) Seen as a “solution” to disorder and problems - could link to Biopolitics.

3) Courses on developmentalist planning in the 1960s

56
Q

Under what principles was Delhi, India designed?

A
  • In accordance with the “garden city” movement in Britain
  • The planning ideas were exported

King 1977

57
Q
A

Urban Geography (4 decks)

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