Urban Morphologies Flashcards
Description and classification → analysis of the causal forces.
- study of town plan, building forms and
land use (Conzen, 1960)
Urban Morphogenesis / Town-plan Analysis
Morphogenesis comes from the greek word ____?, which means ____?, and ______.
Morphe, Form, Genesis
A succession of ____? can be identified around most towns, related to phases of active growth
Fringe Belts
The _____? indicates the way in which land use on a single plot develops over time.
Burgage Cycle
These attempts to explore the backgrounds, motivations and actions of the major agents in the creation of ____? at the local level represent a major advance on the earlier descriptive classifications of town plans.
Townscapes
Hence, competition among land
uses for space resulted in the invasion of the most desired parts of a city and eventually the succession of existing land uses by a more dominant activity, more specifically, the ____?
Central Business Districts (CBDs)
Under free-market conditions, certain parts of the city would be occupied by the function that could maximize use
of the site, and in due course ______? would evolve, distinguished by their homogeneous social or ethnic character (such as a slum or ghetto).
Natural Areas
The ____? was also formulated on the basis of a particular set of economic and political circumstances. In particular, the model assumed private ownership of
property and the absence of any city planning constraints on the use of private property. Under these circumstances, property owners were free to develop their land as they wished. It also meant that only the wealthy could afford to live in the better locations away from inner-city slums. This model divides a circle into seven zones.
Burgess Model / Burgess’s concentric-zone model of urban land use
The resultant model of urban land use starts with the assumption that a mix of land uses will develop around the city centre, then, as the city expands, each
will extend outwards in a sector. This model stresses supply-side mechanisms, with the construction of new housing for the middle classes on the urban periphery (and subsequent filtering of vacated dwellings) being the catalyst for socio-spatial change. This model
does not replace the concentric-zone scheme but extends it by adding the concept of direction to that of
distance from the city centre.
Hoyt’s model / Hoyt’s sector model of urban land use
This model’s value lies in its explicit recognition of the multinodal nature of urban growth. Furthermore, the model argues that land uses cannot always be predicted since industrial, cultural and socio-economic values will have different impacts on different cities. The model has its location and growth of these multiple nuclei which is determined by a number of controlling factors:
Harris and Ullman’s multiple-nuclei model of urban land use
This model combined elements of the Burgess and Hoyt models in his model of a typical medium-size British city. The model also incorporated a climatic consideration relevant to the UK by assuming a prevailing wind from the west.
Mann’s model of a typical medium-size British city
This model was an attempt to extend Mann’s model of urban structure to take into account contemporary dimensions of urbanisation such as the level of governmental involvement in urban development in Britain, slum clearance, suburbanisation, decentralisation of economic activities, gentrification and ghettoisation. Manipulation of the model’s various elements – such as the extension of inner-city blight, minimisation of local and central government housing, and expansion of recent low-density suburbs – offers a North American variant of the basic model.
Kearsley’s Modified Burgess Model
By extending the principles of the multiple-nuclei model, this model’s key element is the emergence of large self-sufficient urban areas each focused on a downtown independent of the traditional downtown and central city. The extent, character and internal structure of each ‘urban realm’ is shaped by five criteria.
Vance’s Urban Realms Model
Since publication of the three classical models of urban land use many new forces have come to influence urban growth. These reflect societal changes such as deindustrialisation of the urban economy, the emergence of a service economy, the dominance of the automobile, a decrease in family size, suburban residential developments, decentralisation of business and industry, and increased intervention by government in the process of urban growth. This model proposed a
revision of the Burgess model that incorporates these trends in order to guide our understanding of the
twenty-first-century city.
White’s Model of the 21st Century City
Despite some success in describing general patterns of urban land use the traditional ecological models, and
in particular their positivist basis in neoclassical economics, were criticised in the early 1970s as:
______?, viewing humans as rational decision-makers operating in an abstract environment.
_______?, retaining the myth of value-free
research while legitimising market capitalism and retention of the socio-economic status quo.
______?, since questions of equity and fairness of social conditions and resource allocation were excluded.
Mechanistic, Ideological, Devoid of Ethical Content
Three Circuits of Capital:
The _____? refers to the structure of relations in the production process (e.g. the manufacture of goods for sale).
The ______? involves investments in fixed capital, such as the built environment (e.g. property development), in the expectation of realising profits.
The _____? involves investment in science and technology that leads ultimately to increases in productivity, or investment in improving labour capability through education or health expenditure.
Primary Circuit, Secondary Circuit, Tertiary Circuit
Major Actors in the production of the Built Environment:
- Rural Producers
- Speculators
- Real Estate Agents
- Subdividers
- Financial Institutions
- Builders
- Households
- State Government
- Local Government
- Federal Government
_____? - either individual entrepreneurs or corporations – purchase land with the hope of profiting from subsequent increases in property values.
Property Speculators
