Urban Issues & Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

What happens as the number of people living in rural areas decreases?

A

The urban share of the world population increases

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2
Q

What is population density?

A

The number of people per km²

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3
Q

Describe an urban area in a rural context

A

Usually has a lower population, nucleated

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4
Q

What are nucleated villages?

A

Villages centred around a particular thing

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5
Q

What are linear villages?

A

Villages built mainly down roads

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6
Q

How many megacities where there in 1975?

A

4 - Tokyo, New York, Mexico City and São Paulo

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7
Q

How many mega cities are there today?

A

Over 20

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8
Q

What are the four biggest megacities?

A
  • Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan
  • Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Delhi, India
  • Manila, Philippines
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9
Q

What has been the main driver over the past 50 years in LICs and NEEs urbanisation?

A

Rural-urban migration

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10
Q

What are the factors affecting the population of a city?

A

Births, death, in-migration, out-migration

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11
Q

Example of an environmental push factor?

A

Climate change means unpredictable weather -> extreme weather, drought

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12
Q

Example of an economical push factor?

A

Not enough income e.g. farmers who cannot sell enough crops, no jobs

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13
Q

Example of a social push factor?

A

Ethnic discrimination, crime, poor healthcare, large family -> too many mouths to feed

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14
Q

Example of a political push factor?

A

War, ethnic cleansing, corrupt governments

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15
Q

Example of an environmental pull factor?

A

Cleaner water -> pipes, less prone to extreme weather because inland

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16
Q

Example of an economical pull factor?

A

More jobs, lower cost of living, medical care

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17
Q

Example of a social pull factor?

A

Better schools and housing, religious freedom

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18
Q

Example of a political pull factor?

A

Feel safer, democratic government-> fair/just

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19
Q

Impacts for the recipient of rural to urban migration?

A

Overcrowding, large shanty towns on areas no one wants e.g. steep slopes

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20
Q

Impacts for the donor of rural to urban migration?

A

Less people to grow crops, communities don’t function when there are not enough people -> encourage more people to move to cities

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21
Q

Do people have a better quality of life in urban areas?

A

Even though shanty towns form so housing is poorer than in rural areas, communities also form which could mean a better quality of life

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22
Q

Which is the largest and wealthiest city in Nigeria?

A

Lagos

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23
Q

What has improved in Lagos in the 21st century?

A

Life expectancy, years spent in school and wealth

due to:

high levels of health care, education and employment

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24
Q

Is healthcare available in Lagos?

A

Yes, but its not free

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25
Q

What is the crime rate in Lagos?

A

High - muggings, car jackings, organised gangs

To tackle: city has bought 3 helicopters

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26
Q

What is the richer and poorer area in Lagos?

A

Victoria Island - rich

Makoko- poor

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27
Q

What are the challenges in Lagos due to rapid urban development?

A
  • millions of people forced to live in poorly built homes
  • traffic congestion - motorbike taxis = fatal accidents
  • high air pollution rates
  • scavengers at tip
  • power cuts - so people hook into the electricity using wires
  • sewage in water -> where people wash
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28
Q

Where is Nigeria located?

A

In West Africa, towards the Eastern end

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29
Q

Where is Lagos located in Nigeria?

A

On the Southern Coast, on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea

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30
Q

What is the capital city of Nigeria?

A

Abuja as it is more central than Lagos

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31
Q

What percentage of imports does Lagos handle?

A

Lagos ports handle 4/5 of Nigeria’s imports, 70% of exports

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32
Q

What is the growth rate in Lagos?

A

6% - 600,000 per year

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33
Q

What is the average income in Lagos per year?

A

£670

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34
Q

Why is the population growth in Lagos so rapid?

A
  • oil boom in Nigeria in the 1970s drew people to the city
  • natural increase
  • rural-urban migration
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35
Q

Push factors from rural areas to Lagos?

A
  • low wages in farming
  • unemployment
  • political unrest, terrorism
  • climate change and drought
  • poor healthcare
  • poverty
  • land shortages
  • land degradation (pollution and poor farming)
  • poor education
  • few opportunities
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36
Q

Pull factors to Lagos?

A
  • chance of education
  • jobs created by oil boom
  • better standard of living
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37
Q

Opportunities in Lagos?

A
  • good transport connections - airport, railway
  • growing population - large market for goods and services
  • schools and universities- well educated/skilled workforce
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38
Q

How does the employment rate in Lagos compare to the rest of Nigeria?

A

9.9% lower than the rest of Nigeria

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39
Q

How has urban growth created opportunities? (possible exam question)

A

Social - health, education, water, energy -> comparison of rich and poor

Economical- stimulus for economic development and jobs e.g. some businesses start, and need other businesses to support it

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40
Q

What are the major challenge facing Lagos?

A
  • shanty towns
  • traffic congestion
  • water supply
  • sea level rise
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41
Q

Why have previous demolition attempts of Makoko by the government failed?

A

The people of Makoko and protective of their home and residents have no where else to go

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42
Q

What are the conditions of shanty towns in Makoko?

A
  • densely populated - shortage of land
  • homes are makeshift shelters
  • homes built on stilts
  • lack of sanitation
  • edge of Lagos lagoon
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43
Q

What is the fatal accident rate in Lagos?

A

28 per 100,000 people

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44
Q

How much higher are the air pollution rates in Lagos than the internationally recommended limit?

A

5 times higher

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45
Q

What efforts were made by the Lagos transport authority to reduce traffic congestion?

A
  • bus rapid transfer - separate lane for buses - only North-South route
  • new light railway - West-East route
  • Lagos rail mass transit - 7 new rail lines
46
Q

What is involved in the wider strategic transport master plan in Lagos?

A
  • integrated transport
  • network of ferries
  • separate bus lane
  • airport further from congested area
47
Q

How available is water from water vendors in Lagos?

A

Common, hard to obtain from any other source

48
Q

How available is water from pipes in Lagos?

A

Only 10% of Lagos have water from pipes

49
Q

How available is water from wells or boreholes in Lagos?

A

Residents dig for groundwater, quite available

50
Q

How pure is water from water vendors in Lagos?

A

Could be contaminated, they get the water from wells and boreholes

51
Q

How pure is water from pipes in Lagos?

A

Has been treated and purified

52
Q

How pure is water from wells or boreholes in Lagos?

A

Can be contaminated by sewage which has soaked into the ground

53
Q

How sustainable is water from water vendors in Lagos?

A

Not sustainable, but licenses are beginning to be issued for boreholes

54
Q

How sustainable is water from pipes in Lagos?

A

Water treatment plants extract river water to supply it, need more water though

55
Q

How sustainable is water from wells or boreholes in Lagos?

A

Issuing licenses for boreholes

56
Q

What is the annual rainfall for Lagos?

A

2000mm

57
Q

There is plenty of water in Lagos, but what is the main problem with providing a safe supply?

A

Groundwater around the lagoon can be contaminated with salt water - this problem will increase with rising sea levels

58
Q

What are the two main problems in Lagos associated with rising sea levels?

A
  • flooding

* contamination of fresh water supplies

59
Q

Why might the impact of sea level rise be more severe in Lagos than other cities?

A

Lagos in on the coast and the shanty town is built on stilts on the lagoon - if Makoko floods people won’t have anywhere to live

60
Q

Points to support the demolition of Makoko?

A
  • bad advertisement for Lagos

* 100s of people have to share a single toilet in some areas

61
Q

Points to support the improvement of Makoko?

A
  • rainwater harvesting - rainwater collected from roofs and stored
  • school built on floating barrels
  • raised houses so there’s less chance of them flooding
62
Q

What is population density?

A

How many people live in a given area - normally km2

63
Q

What is population distribution?

A

The pattern of population i.e. how spread out a population is

64
Q

What are the biggest cities in the U.K.?

A
  • London
  • Birmingham
  • Leeds
65
Q

Why are some areas of the U.K. sparsely populated?

A
  • some areas are protected e.g. National Parks
  • some areas are unsafe to live e.g. eroding coastline
  • fewer opportunities if a place is cut off
  • relief of land e.g. too steep
  • high quality soil = good agricultural land
66
Q

Why are some areas of the U.K. densely populated?

A
  • greater opportunities due to geographical location
  • close to other markets e.g. EU
  • flat land
  • agricultural land rubbish = fine to build on
67
Q

Describe the location of London

A

Located in the South East of England on the River Thames

68
Q

Who were London’s original settlers?

A

The romans. They settled after defeating the Britons

69
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city with a global influence, not just a national one

70
Q

What is data manipulation?

A

Performing a calculation on data to support an answer

71
Q

Why are there fewer elderly people living in London?

A

High costs, more polluted and too many young people

72
Q

What age is the largest proportion of the population of London?

A

20-34 due to good job opportunities and education

73
Q

What is a cultural mix?

A

A place with integration of cultures

74
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

A place that is more than one culture living in close proximity

75
Q

What is gentrification?

A

The process of renovating a district by higher income earners

76
Q

What did the 2011 census reveal about London’s cultural mix?

A
  • it is one of the most diverse places on earth
  • Newham, Brent & Tower Hamlets - white are the minority
  • inner London - has the highest non-white population in the country
77
Q

Advantages of London’s Cultural Mix?

A
  • enriches London’s cultural life
  • music variety
  • exposure to other religions and languages
  • cultural events
78
Q

Disadvantages of London’s cultural mix?

A
  • integration - conversing in English, mix with other groups
  • ghettos - preventing poorer groups living in the poorest areas
  • language - public services need translation services
79
Q

Examples of recreation and entertainment in London?

A
  • west end
  • sports - Wimbledon
  • cultural attractions - natural history museum, national gallery
80
Q

What are the 3 main reasons to live in London for employment opportunities?

A
  • largest contributor to the U.K. economy
  • houses a major financial centre
  • London residents are more likely to be employed in managerial roles compared to rest of U.K.
81
Q

Which sector dominates jobs in the London? Why?

A

Finance and insurance because London has a major world financial centre

82
Q

What is an integrated transport system?

A

Different forms of transport linking to one another

83
Q

To what extent does London have an integrated transport system?

A
  • public and private integrated - 25% are public journeys

* air ports, buses, and trains link the U.K. together at stations like kings cross

84
Q

How and why are London’s passenger numbers expected to increase in the further?

A
  • demand predicted to grow by 60% by 2050

* more people migrating to London

85
Q

How could the cross rail improvements in London lead to redevelopment of other areas?

A
  • new east-west rail route
  • tunnel under city centre
  • impact well on property values
  • encourage regeneration if people can access it easily
86
Q

What is urban greening?

A

Increasing the proportion of green space within a city

87
Q

How does London provide for urban greening?

A

• canals, rivers and river jetties for
bird breeding

  • rooftop green spaces for plants and living
  • Hampstead Heath
  • new building projects e.g. Olympic village
  • green spaces open to public
88
Q

How much green space is there in London?

A

38% - mainly big parks

89
Q

What is social deprivation?

A

The degree to which a person or community lacks services, housing, income or local employment

90
Q

What can measure social deprivation within a city?

A
  • quality of available food
  • life expectancy
  • gcse grades
  • quality of housing
  • amount of people on benefits
  • income
  • access to healthcare
91
Q

What is a green belt?

A

Green, open space around cities on which there are strict planning controls to prevent urban development in the countryside

92
Q

What is brown field?

A

Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits a new use

93
Q

What is a rural urban fringe?

A

A zone of transition between a built up area and the country, where there is often computation for land use

94
Q

Where was regenerated due to the London 2012 olympics?

A

Lower Lea Valley, Newham

95
Q

What was done in Newham to prepare for the Olympics?

A
  • land bridges - high level of access required
  • car parks
  • over head power lines moved under ground
  • soil processed
96
Q

Benefits of the Olympic Games in London?

A
  • 9000 new homes
  • clean up urban wasteland
  • improve transportation
  • new jobs and business opportunities - 12000 jobs
  • tourist industry
97
Q

Opposition to the bid for the London Olympic Games?

A
  • potential loss of habitat
  • 500 mature trees cut down
  • bridge construction - drain significant sections of the waterways
  • businesses and home relocated
  • noise & dust pollution
98
Q

Social impacts of urban regeneration on the Lower Lea Valley due to the Olympics?

A
  • venue easy for athletes to access from village
  • venues cater for all ages and abilities
  • visitors enjoy
  • tickets don’t cost a lot
  • new roads
99
Q

Economic impacts of urban regeneration on the Lower Lea Valley due to the Olympics?

A
  • homes and offices built in park
  • some venues easy to take down again
  • rail and underground lines improved
  • housing sold/rented
100
Q

Environmental impacts of urban regeneration on the Lower Lea Valley due to the Olympics?

A
  • polluted rivers cleaned up
  • waste from shops and eateries recycled
  • contaminated soil washed and reused
  • power plant using biomass
  • wind turbines for extra electricity
101
Q

What is pollution?

A

The introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change

102
Q

What is traffic congestion?

A

A condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases

103
Q

What is waste recycling?

A

Converting waste into new materials and objects

104
Q

What were the causes of the Great Smog in London?

A
  • cold temperature - burn more coal
  • vehicle exhaust - steam locomotives, diesel buses recently replaced trams
  • weather - anticyclone and fog stopped pollutants dispersing
105
Q

What year was the Great Smog?

A

1952

106
Q

What were the impacts of the Great Smog in London?

A
  • reduced visibility
  • cease of public transport
  • killed 4000 - most due to respiratory problems
  • rethinking of air pollution
107
Q

What were the responses to the Great Smog in London?

A
  • new regulations e.g. restricting use of dirty fuels

* householders offered gas fires instead of coal

108
Q

What is the London Congestion Zone?

A

A fee charged on most vehicles operating within a certain area in Central London

109
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Meeting the needs of current generations without compromising the needs of future generations

110
Q

What does sustainable living aim to include?

A
  • use of renewable resources
  • energy efficiency
  • use of public transport
111
Q

What are three examples showing how easy it is for sustainable cities to be created?

A
  • U.K. - ask population then government decides - movement can be opposed
  • china - government decides and people don’t have a choice if they’re forced out their homes
  • dubai - desert, blank canvas