Urban Issues & Challenges

Question 1

Brownfield Site

Answer 1

Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits a new use. Commonly found across urban areas, particularly the inner city

Question 2

Dereliction

Answer 2

Abandoned buildings and wasteland

Question 3

Economic Opportunities

Answer 3

Chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment

Question 4

Greenfield Site

Answer 4

A plot of land, often in rural areas, that has not yet been used for any building development

Question 5

Inequalities

Answer 5

Differences between poverty and wealth, in many areas of life, including wellbeing and access to housing or education

Question 6

Integrated Transport Systems

Answer 6

When different transport methods connect together, making journeys smoother and more appealing

Question 7

Mega-cities

Answer 7

An urban area with a total population exceeding 10million

Question 8

Migration

Answer 8

When people move from one place to another; in LICs, this is commonly rural-urban migration

Question 9

Natural Increase

Answer 9

Birth rate minus the death rate of a population

Question 10

Pollution

Answer 10

The presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances which have harmful or poisonous effects on an environment

Question 11

Rural-urban Fringe

Answer 11

A zone of transition between a built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use

Question 12

Sanitation

Answer 12

Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage waste

Question 13

Social Deprivation

Answer 13

The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment

Question 14

Social Opportunities

Answer 14

Chances for people to improve their quality of life

Question 15

Squatter Settlement

Answer 15

An area of poor-quality housing, lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewerage and electricity, which often develops illegally and spontaneously in a city in a LIC

Question 16

Sustainable Urban Living

Answer 16

A city where there is little damage to the environment, the economic base is sound, with a strong sense of community and local people are involved in decisions made

Question 17

Traffic Congestion

Answer 17

Occurs when there is too great a volume of traffic for roads to cope with, so traffic jams form and traffic slows to a crawl

Question 18

Urban Greening

Answer 18

The process of increasing and preserving open space such as public parks and gardens in urban areas

Question 19

Urbanisation

Answer 19

The process by which the percentage of a country’s population living in urban areas increases

Question 20

Urban Regeneration

Answer 20

The revival of old parts of a built-up area by installing modern facilities or opting for redevelopment

Question 21

Urban Sprawl

Answer 21

Unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside

Question 22

Waste Recycling

Answer 22

The process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste

Question 23

Push Factors

Answer 23

Things that make people want to leave rural areas

Question 24

Pull Factors

Answer 24

Things that attract people to cities and urban areas

Question 25

Possible push factors

Answer 25

• unemployment
• lower wages
• crop failure
• poor living conditions
• poor health and education services
• few facilities
• natural disasters
• civil war

Question 26

Possible pull factors

Answer 26

• more jobs
• higher wages
• better living conditions
• better health and education services
• better facilities
• less chance of natural disasters

Question 27

Population Density

Answer 27

The average number of people in a certain area

Question 28

Self-help Scheme

Answer 28

A type of informal programme that enables people to help themselves and their neighbours to improve their homes in developing countries