Urban Issues & Challenges Flashcards
Brownfield Site
Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits a new use. Commonly found across urban areas, particularly the inner city
Dereliction
Abandoned buildings and wasteland
Economic Opportunities
Chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment
Greenfield Site
A plot of land, often in rural areas, that has not yet been used for any building development
Inequalities
Differences between poverty and wealth, in many areas of life, including wellbeing and access to housing or education
Integrated Transport Systems
When different transport methods connect together, making journeys smoother and more appealing
Mega-cities
An urban area with a total population exceeding 10million
Migration
When people move from one place to another; in LICs, this is commonly rural-urban migration
Natural Increase
Birth rate minus the death rate of a population
Pollution
The presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances which have harmful or poisonous effects on an environment
Rural-urban Fringe
A zone of transition between a built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use
Sanitation
Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage waste
Social Deprivation
The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment
Social Opportunities
Chances for people to improve their quality of life
Squatter Settlement
An area of poor-quality housing, lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewerage and electricity, which often develops illegally and spontaneously in a city in a LIC
Sustainable Urban Living
A city where there is little damage to the environment, the economic base is sound, with a strong sense of community and local people are involved in decisions made
Traffic Congestion
Occurs when there is too great a volume of traffic for roads to cope with, so traffic jams form and traffic slows to a crawl
Urban Greening
The process of increasing and preserving open space such as public parks and gardens in urban areas
Urbanisation
The process by which the percentage of a country’s population living in urban areas increases
Urban Regeneration
The revival of old parts of a built-up area by installing modern facilities or opting for redevelopment
Urban Sprawl
Unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside
Waste Recycling
The process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste
Push Factors
Things that make people want to leave rural areas
Pull Factors
Things that attract people to cities and urban areas
Possible push factors
- unemployment
- lower wages
- crop failure
- poor living conditions
- poor health and education services
- few facilities
- natural disasters
- civil war
Possible pull factors
- more jobs
- higher wages
- better living conditions
- better health and education services
- better facilities
- less chance of natural disasters
Population Density
The average number of people in a certain area
Self-help Scheme
A type of informal programme that enables people to help themselves and their neighbours to improve their homes in developing countries
