Economic World Flashcards
Birth Rate
Number of births in a year per 1000 of the total population
Commonwealth
Voluntary association of 53 independent and equal sovereign states; mostly territories of the former British Empire, united not by lega obligation but through language, culture, history and shared values
Death Rate
Number of deaths in a year per 1000 of the total population
De-industrialisation
The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing sector
DTM (Demographic Transition Model)
A model which shows how populations change over time, in terms of birth rate, death rate and total population
Development
The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, human welfare and the use of technology
Development Gap
The difference in standards of living and wellbeing between HICs and LICs
European Union
International Organisation of 28 European countries (used to include the UK) to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation between its members
Fairtrade
When producers in LICs are given a better price for the goods they produce, to improve income and reduce exploitation
Globalisation
The process of creating a more connected world, involving increased movement of goods (trade) and people (migration/tourism) globally
GNI (Gross National Income)
A measurement of economic activity, which is calculated by dividing the total national income by the size of the population
HDI (Human Development Index)
A measure of development, which takes into consideration GDP per capita, life expectancy and adult literacy
industrial Structure
The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different economic sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
Infant Mortality
The average number of deaths of infants (<1 year old) per 1000 live births per year
Information Technologies
Computer, mobile phone, internet and satellite technologies, that speed up communication and the flow of information
Intermediate Technology
Simply, easily learned and maintained technology used to increase development in LICs
International Aid
Money, goods and services given to lower income countries to help the quality of life and economy, through multilateral institutions such as the World Bank
Life Expectancy
Average number of years a person might be expected to live
Literacy Rate
The percentage of people who have basic reading and writing skills
Microfinance Loans
Small loans given to people in LICs to help them start small, local businesses
North-South Divide
Economic and cultural differences between northern and southern parts of England
Post-industrial Economy
The economy of many developed countries where most employment is in service industries
Science Parks
High-tech industries established, often near universities, where scientific and commercial development can be made in co-operation with the university
Business Parks
Purpose built areas of offices and warehouses, often at the edge of a city or a main road
Trade
The buying and selling of goods and services between countries
TNC (Transnational Corporation)
A company that has operations in more than one country. Many TNCs are large and have well-known brands
Primary Sector
The sector of an economy making direct use of natural resources, such as agriculture, fishing, mining and oil/gas extraction
Secondary Sector
The sector of an economy that manufactures goods, including the processing of materials from the primary sector
Tertiary Sector
A sector of the economy covering a wide range of activities, including the service, education, health, financial and transport industries
Quaternary Sector
The sector of an economy mainly involved in development of technology, education, training and research & development
Accessibility
How easily a location can be reached
Austerity
A period of difficult economic conditions as the government reduces spending
Biogas
A type of biofuel (methane) derived from the action of bacteria on animal manure or other organic waste
Census
An official count of the population, which may include details like age, ethnicity or occupation
Containerization
The process of using standardised storage containers on cargo ships, trains and lorries
Cybersecurity
Digital security systems to protect against online attacks
Devolution
Giving powers to regional governments
Economy
Activities in a country concerned with the making, distribution, and use of goods and services
Global Shift
The movement of manufacturing industries to new emerging economies
Insurance
Bought protection against unfortunate events that may cost money e.g. car insurance is paid so that damage is paid for in the event of an accident
Interconnected
Places, objects or ideas that are linked to one another
Mechanisation
In industry, the process of introducing machines to carry out tasks that humans used to do
Privatise
When a government enterprise is sold off to private companies or individuals
Recession
A time of temporary economic decline when trade and industrial activity are reduced
Smart Motorways
Motorways that use computers to manage traffic flows and congestion
Standard of Living
The amount of wealth or personal comfort that a person or group of people have
Tourism
The business of providing holidays for people travelling for pleasure (tourists)
Treasury
The place where a country’s money is kept
Brandt Line
A line that separates the rich north of the world from the poorer south
Corrupt
When a person, company or country acts in a dishonest way for their own personal gain
Typhoon Haiyan Date
8 November 2013
Typhoon Haiyan wind speed
313km/h or 194mph
Typhoon Haiyan - greatest rainfall (in some areas)
281.9mm
Typhoon Haiyan wave heights
Up to 7m
Typhoon Haiyan - economic effects
- cost of damage estimated at $5.8bn
- six million workers lost their source of income
- international trade affected by loss of rice, corn and sugar-producing areas
Typhoon Haiyan - social effects
- over 7000 deaths
- 1.9 million people homeless
- over 6 million displaced
- outbreaks of disease, due to lack of sanitation, food, water, shelter and medication
- widespread looting in the following days, especially in the city of Tacloban
Typhoon Haiyan - deaths
7000+
Typhoon Haiyan - responses
- warnings broadcast to 750,000 saved many lives
- UK government provided supplies for up to 800,000 victims
- several charities provided emergency aid e.g. food, water and shelter
- UN launched an international aid appeal in December 2013 for £480 million to finance the humanitarian relief effort for 2014
Typhoon Haiyan - environmental effects
- widespread floods damaged homes and businesses in coastal areas
- thousands of trees were uprooted, damaging wildlife and releasing CO2
- major roads became impassable when blocked by trees
Typhoon Haiyan - main primary effects
- 50% of houses destroyed and 4.1million made homeless
- 75% of farmers and fishermen lost their income
- $53 million in damages to rice
- 800,000L oil spill when an oil barge ran aground
- severe flooding destroyed around 1.1 million tonnes of crops
Typhoon Haiyan - main secondary effects
Typhoon Haiyan - main secondary effects
- infection and disease spread through water
- power supplies cut off for up to a month
- schools and hospitals destroyed
- rice prices had risen 12% by 2014
- infrastructure was affected by trees blocking roads and the destruction of airports
- ten hectares of mangroves were contaminated by the oil barge leak
Typhoon Haiyan - immediate responses
- the government televised a warning for people to prepare and evacuate
- 1200 evacuation centres set up
- aid supplies arrived after three days, including 1 million food packs and 250,000L of water (in two weeks)
Typhoon Haiyan - long-term responses
- 33 countries and international organisations pledged to help, involving more than $1.5 billion
- ‘cash for work’ programme to rebuild the city
- homes built away from flood-risk areas and more cyclone shelters were built
- mangroves were replanted
Somerset Floods - causes
- depressions moving across the Atlantic caused weeks of wet weather
- polar jet stream directed the depressions towards the West of England, as it was more south than usual
- Bristol Channel experienced high tides and storm surges
- sediment built up on the river beds, as it hadn’t been dredged for 20 years
Somerset Floods - social impacts
- over 600 homes flooded
- 16 farms were evacuated
- temporary accommodation was used by residents for several months
- some villages were cut off and power supplies were disrupted
Somerset Floods - economic impacts
- 14,000 hectares of agricultural land flooded for weeks
- over 1000 livestock were evacuated
- roads were cut off and railway lines were closed
- £10 million damage cost
Somerset Floods - environmental impacts
- rivers contaminated with sewage, oils and chemicals
- debris was deposited across the land
- stagnant water had to be reoxygenated and pumped back into rivers
Somerset Floods - management strategies
- river banks raised and strengthened
- £20 million pledged on a Flood Action Plan
- Rivers Tone and Parratt were dredged in March 2014
- road levels were raised
- flood defences for communities at risk
- pumping stations were built
- potential for tidal barrage by 2024
