Urban issues and challenges (Lagos) Flashcards
20 marks
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the result of migration from the countryside to the cities.
Factors affecting urbanisation: Push
- drought/flooding
- lack of services
- low pay/job opportunities
- poverty
Factors affecting urbanisation: Pull
- Better quality of life
- Better access to services (e.g. education, health and entertainment)
- Better quality houses
- Increased pay
- Improved opportunities
What is a megacity?
A city with a population of 10 million people or more.
What is the global pattern of urban change?
Rates of urbanisation different depending on whether the country is rich or poor:
- The most rapid urban growth is happening in LICs.
- The lowest rates of urban growth is in HICs
- The rate of urban growth in NEEs is starting to slow.
What is natural increase?
When the birth rate in a country is greater than the death rate.
What are some examples of HICs?
-America
-Australia
-Norway
What are some examples of LICs?
- bangladesh
- chad
- benin
What are some examples of NEEs?
- india
- china
- malaysia
What types of city is Lagos?
NEE
What are the causes of population growth in Lagos?
- natural increase
- urbanisation
- migration
How has urban growth created challenges in Lagos?
the rapid urbanization of Lagos has led to a significant strain on its infrastructure, overcrowding, inadequate housing, and a lack of basic services such as water and sanitation
What does the term informal sector mean?
- People working that do not receive a regular wage, making and/ or selling goods/services unofficially, often for ‘cash in hand’.
- They don’t have a contract, health and safety protection, health insurance or pension schemes.
- They don’t pay taxes
What is Lagos’ regional importance?
providing hospitals
schools/universities
employment
leisure
recreation opportunities
What is the size of Lagos’ population?
state government says 17.5 million
national government says 21 million
What is the demographic and healthcare like?
- annual rate of natural increase in Nigeria is 25% every 5 years
- average life expectancy is 53.4 years in Nigeria
What are the social opportunities from urban growth?
services and resources:
- in 2010 adult literacy rate of people living in Lagos was 92%
–> in some rural states, adult literacy rate was as low as 14%
- Lagos has clean water supplies, electricity into housing and good entertainment centres and malls
What are the economic opportunities from urban growth?
industrial areas for development:
- 30% of Nigerian population works in agriculture
- in 2018 the GDP per capita in Lagos was $5000
–> twice the GDP per capita of Nigeria
- job opportunities
Challenges of urban growth: Managing urban growth and slums in Lagos
- in 2016, the world bank found hat 2/3 of people living in Nigeria lived in slums
- Makoko is one of the largest slums in Lagos
- many children living in Lagos slums do not go to school
Challenges of urban growth: crime and unemployment in Lagos
- unemployed men create groups called ‘Area boys’ to provide security
- fisherman struggle to catch fish and earn a living
- Nigeria’s murder rate is 9.85 murders per 100000 people –> UK is 1.2
Challenges of urban growth: environmental issues in Lagos
- there 1 million cars in Lagos
–> emissions contribute to things like acid rain - traffic is awful
- smog is a problem
- large amount of air pollution –> safe level is 56, in 2016 parts of Lagos had readings of 217
Challenges of urban growth: clean water and sanitation
- drinking water is the same water that people go to the toilet in and the fisherman fish in
–> spreads waterborne diseases like cholera - between 67% and 81% of people have daily access to clean water in Lagos
Challenges of urban growth: providing access to health and education
Many residents, particularly in informal settlements, lack access to clean water and proper sanitation, leading to increased risk of waterborne diseases like cholera and typhoid.
overcrowded hospitals, leading to long wait times and poor quality of care
Pollution of water sources and air quality due to industrial and domestic waste further exacerbates health problems.
overcrowded schools
Many children, particularly in informal settlements, lack access to quality education due to limited resources, poor infrastructure, and lack of qualified teachers
Poverty, lack of resources, and the need for children to work to support their families contribute to high dropout rates, especially at the secondary school level
