Urban issues and challenges (Lagos) Flashcards
20 marks
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the result of migration from the countryside to the cities.
Factors affecting urbanisation: Push
- drought/flooding
- lack of services
- low pay/job opportunities
- poverty
Factors affecting urbanisation: Pull
- Better quality of life
- Better access to services (e.g. education, health and entertainment)
- Better quality houses
- Increased pay
- Improved opportunities
What is a megacity?
A city with a population of 10 million people or more.
What is the global pattern of urban change?
Rates of urbanisation different depending on whether the country is rich or poor:
- The most rapid urban growth is happening in LICs.
- The lowest rates of urban growth is in HICs
- The rate of urban growth in NEEs is starting to slow.
What is natural increase?
When the birth rate in a country is greater than the death rate.
What are some examples of HICs?
-America
-Australia
-Norway
What are some examples of LICs?
- bangladesh
- chad
- benin
What are some examples of NEEs?
- india
- china
- malaysia
What types of city is Lagos?
NEE
What are the causes of population growth in Lagos?
- natural increase
- urbanisation
How has urban growth created challenges in Lagos?
the rapid urbanization of Lagos has led to a significant strain on its infrastructure, overcrowding, inadequate housing, and a lack of basic services such as water and sanitation
What does the term informal sector mean?
- People working that do not receive a regular wage, making and/ or selling goods/services unofficially, often for ‘cash in hand’.
- They don’t have a contract, health and safety protection, health insurance or pension schemes.
- They don’t pay taxes
What is Lagos’ regional importance?
providing hospitals
schools/universities
employment
leisure
recreation opportunities
What is the size of Lagos’ population?
state government says 17.5 million
national government says 21 million
What is the demographic and healthcare like?
- annual rate of natural increase in Nigeria is 25% every 5 years
- average life expectancy is 53.4 years in Nigeria
What are the social opportunities from urban growth?
- in 2010 adult literacy rate of people living in Lagos was 92%
–> in some rural states, adult literacy rate was as low as 14% - Lagos has clean water supplies, electricity into housing and good entertainment centres and malls
What are the economic opportunities from urban growth?
- 30% of Nigerian population works in agriculture
- in 2018 the GDP per capita in Lagos was $5000
–> twice the GDP per capita of Nigeria - job opportunities
Challenges of urban growth: Managing urban growth and slums in Lagos
- in 2016, the world bank found hat 2/3 of people living in Nigeria lived in slums
- Makoko is one of the largest slums in Lagos
- many children living in Lagos slums do not go to school
Challenges of urban growth: crime and unemployment in Lagos
- unemployed men create groups called ‘Area boys’ to provide security
- fisherman struggle to catch fish and earn a living
- Nigeria’s murder rate is 9.85 murders per 100000 people –> UK is 1.2
Challenges of urban growth: encironmental issues in Lagos
- there 1 million cars in Lagos
–> emissions contribute to things like acid rain - traffic is awful
- smog is a problem
- large amount of air pollution –> safe level is 56, in 2016 parts of Lagos had readings of 217
Challenges of urban growth: clean water and sanitation
- drinking water is the same water that people go to the toilet in and the fisherman fish in
–> spreads waterborne diseases like cholera - between 67% and 81% of people have daily access to clean water in Lagos
