Urban issues and challenges (Lagos)

Question 1

What is urbanisation?

Answer 1

Urbanisation is the result of migration from the countryside to the cities.

Question 2

Factors affecting urbanisation: Push

Answer 2

• drought/flooding
• lack of services
• low pay/job opportunities
• poverty

Question 3

Factors affecting urbanisation: Pull

Answer 3

• Better quality of life
• Better access to services (e.g. education, health and entertainment)
• Better quality houses
• Increased pay
• Improved opportunities

Question 4

What is a megacity?

Answer 4

A city with a population of 10 million people or more.

Question 5

What is the global pattern of urban change?

Answer 5

Rates of urbanisation different depending on whether the country is rich or poor:
- The most rapid urban growth is happening in LICs.
- The lowest rates of urban growth is in HICs
- The rate of urban growth in NEEs is starting to slow.

Question 6

What is natural increase?

Answer 6

When the birth rate in a country is greater than the death rate.

Question 7

What are some examples of HICs?

Answer 7

-America
-Australia
-Norway

Question 8

What are some examples of LICs?

Answer 8

• bangladesh
• chad
• benin

Question 9

What are some examples of NEEs?

Answer 9

• india
• china
• malaysia

Question 10

What types of city is Lagos?

Answer 10

NEE

Question 11

What are the causes of population growth in Lagos?

Answer 11

• natural increase
• urbanisation

Question 12

How has urban growth created challenges in Lagos?

Answer 12

the rapid urbanization of Lagos has led to a significant strain on its infrastructure, overcrowding, inadequate housing, and a lack of basic services such as water and sanitation

Question 13

What does the term informal sector mean?

Answer 13

• People working that do not receive a regular wage, making and/ or selling goods/services unofficially, often for ‘cash in hand’.
• They don’t have a contract, health and safety protection, health insurance or pension schemes.
• They don’t pay taxes

Question 14

What is Lagos’ regional importance?

Answer 14

providing hospitals
schools/universities
employment
leisure
recreation opportunities

Question 15

What is the size of Lagos’ population?

Answer 15

state government says 17.5 million
national government says 21 million

Question 16

What is the demographic and healthcare like?

Answer 16

• annual rate of natural increase in Nigeria is 25% every 5 years
• average life expectancy is 53.4 years in Nigeria

Question 16

What are the social opportunities from urban growth?

Answer 16

• in 2010 adult literacy rate of people living in Lagos was 92%
  –> in some rural states, adult literacy rate was as low as 14%
• Lagos has clean water supplies, electricity into housing and good entertainment centres and malls

Question 17

What are the economic opportunities from urban growth?

Answer 17

• 30% of Nigerian population works in agriculture
• in 2018 the GDP per capita in Lagos was $5000
  –> twice the GDP per capita of Nigeria
• job opportunities

Question 18

Challenges of urban growth: Managing urban growth and slums in Lagos

Answer 18

• in 2016, the world bank found hat 2/3 of people living in Nigeria lived in slums
• Makoko is one of the largest slums in Lagos
• many children living in Lagos slums do not go to school

Question 19

Challenges of urban growth: crime and unemployment in Lagos

Answer 19

• unemployed men create groups called ‘Area boys’ to provide security
• fisherman struggle to catch fish and earn a living
• Nigeria’s murder rate is 9.85 murders per 100000 people –> UK is 1.2

Question 20

Challenges of urban growth: encironmental issues in Lagos

Answer 20

• there 1 million cars in Lagos
  –> emissions contribute to things like acid rain
• traffic is awful
• smog is a problem
• large amount of air pollution –> safe level is 56, in 2016 parts of Lagos had readings of 217

Question 21

Challenges of urban growth: clean water and sanitation

Answer 21

• drinking water is the same water that people go to the toilet in and the fisherman fish in
  –> spreads waterborne diseases like cholera
• between 67% and 81% of people have daily access to clean water in Lagos