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The Challenge of Natural Hazards - weather Flashcards

1
Q

Hazard risk

A

The degree of likelihood that harm will be caused by a natural hazard.

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2
Q

Natural hazard

A

a natural event which has the potential to cause harm

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3
Q

Economic impact

A

An impact which effects the wealth of a place or some ones income.

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4
Q

Environmental impact

A

An impact which appears the natural world.

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5
Q

Extreme weather

A

When a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern.

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6
Q

Global atmospheric circulation

A

The movement of air around the planet.

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7
Q

Immediate responses

A

A response in the days and weeks immediately after a disaster has happened.

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8
Q

Long-term responses

A

A response months or years after a disaster has happened.

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9
Q

Enhanced greenhouse effect

A

The disruption to Earth’s climate equilibrium caused by the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases has led to an increase in the global average surface temperatures.

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10
Q

Monitoring

A

Recording physical changes, such as earthquakes, tremors to help predict when/where it might strike.

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11
Q

Planning

A

Preparation for hazardous events.

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12
Q

Prediction

A

Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on knowledge.

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13
Q

Primary effects

A

The first impact of a natural event on people and property.

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14
Q

Protection

A

Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building designs.

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15
Q

Secondary effects

A

The subsequent (or knock on) impacts of the primary effects which happen later.

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16
Q

Social impact

A

An impact which affects human well-being.

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17
Q

Mitigation

A

reducing causes

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18
Q

Adaptation

A

Involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate.

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19
Q

What is general atmospheric circulation model?

A

The circular movements of the Earth’s atmosphere. The circular movements of air are known as cells. These cells all join together to form the overall circulation of the Earth’s atmosphere.

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20
Q

Describe pressure belts

A

Descending air = high pressure = no clouds and rain. Rising air = low pressure = clouds and rain

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21
Q

Name the 3 main cells in the global atmospheric circulation model

A

Hadley Cell
Ferrell Cell
Polar Cell

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22
Q

What is high pressure and where on the global atmospheric circulation model would you find high pressure?

A

When air sinks towards the ground, high pressure is formed.

It happens at 30°N and 30°S of the equator, 90°N (North Pole) and 90°S (South Pole) of the equator

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23
Q

What is low pressure and where on the global atmospheric circulation model would you find high pressure?

A

When air is rising from the surface of the ground, low pressure is formed.

It happens at 0° (the equator), 60°N and 60°S of the equator

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24
Q

Where do surface winds blow from and to?

A

Winds blow from high pressure areas to low pressure areas

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25
Describe what happens in the Hadley Cell?
Warm air rises at the equator, travels North and South and sinks around 30°N and 30°S. It then travels back to the equator
26
Describe what happens in the Ferrell Cell?
Warm air rises at 60°N and 60°S equator, back towards the equator. Cool air sinks at 30°N and 30°S of the equator.
27
Describe what happens in the Polar Cell?
Cool air descends at 90°N (north pole) and 90°S (south pole) then the air moves back towards the equator.
28
What is a tropical storm?
Tropical storms are also known as hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones. They are huge storms that form between the tropics.
29
Describe the global distribution of tropical storms
- In a band around the equator - Within the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn - They are rare in the South Atlantic
30
Why do tropical storms form between the tropics?
The ocean temperatures are warm enough (27°C) There is enough intense heating of the ocean to cause warm air to rise rapidly. They don’t form directly over the equator as there isn’t enough of an impact of the earth’s rotation to cause the storm to spin so they form 5°-15° north and south of the equator.
31
Tropical storms in the North Atlantic region are known as?
Hurricanes
32
Tropical storms in south-east Asia and Australia are known as?
Cyclones
33
Tropical storms in Japan and the Philippines are known as?
Typhoons
34
What are the conditions required for a tropical storm to form?
- Warm water (above 27°C) - Deep water - Within the tropical zone - No jet stream present
35
Which force causes tropical storms to spin?
Coriolis
36
How are tropical storms measured?
On the Saffir-Simpson scale of wind speeds. Category 1: 74-95mph Category 2: 96-110mph Category 3: 111-129mph Category 4: 130-156mph Category 5: 157mph+
37
What are conditions like at the eye of a tropical storm?
calm
38
Which part of a tropical storm has the most severe winds?
eye wall
39
How wide can tropical storms be?
up to 300km
40
Describe the sequence of events when a tropical storm passes over?
1. Temperature and air pressure fall 2. Air pressure falls more, wind increases, lots of cumulonimbus cloud, heavy rainfall 3. Calm, no wind, no rain, gets slightly warmer, air pressure still very low (EYE OF THE STORM) 4. Wind and heavy rainfall increase dramatically again, temperature drops, air pressure begins to rise 5. Tropical storm ends, air pressure and temperature rise
41
Describe the formation of a tropical storm?
1. Warm wet air from the warm ocean rises. As it cools and condenses it creates huge cumulonimbus clouds. 2. As the warm, wet air is rising, it creates an area of low pressure near the ocean surface. Warm air from outside the storm is sucked in to fill this ‘space’ creating a constant upwelling of warm, moist air to power the storm. 3. Air leaves the spiralling column in the centre of the storm out of the top and flows downwards to the side of the storm.
42
Describe the features of a tropical storm?
- Up to 300 miles wide - Wind speeds up to 252km/h and above - Thunder and lightning, strong winds at the eye wall
43
How many people were killed in Typhoon Haiyan?
6,300 deaths
44
How many people lost their jobs as a result of Typhoon Haiyan?
6 million lost jobs
45
Immediate response of Typhoon Haiyan: aid
Aid agencies donated food, water and shelter quickly
46
Long term response to Typhoon Haiyan: infrastructure
- Infrastructure was rebuilt e.g. bridges and airport
47
How are tropical storms monitored and predicted?
- Predicting the track of a tropical storm is very difficult. - Satellite images are used to identify the distinct pattern of clouds associated with tropical storms forming over the ocean. - Aircrafts can be used to monitor conditions within tropical storms. - In the USA, ‘Hurricane Watch’ advises that hurricane conditions are likely. ‘Hurricane Warning’ is issued when people should take action e.g. evacuate.
48
How do people protect themselves from tropical storms?
Secure outdoor furniture to the ground Cut own tree branches to avoid property damage Window shutters Buildings built on stilts to prevent storm surge damage Storm drains in urban areas removed large amounts of water from storm surges Sea walls built to hold back some water from storm surges
49
How do people plan for tropical storms?
Increasing citizens awareness and knowledge of what to do in the event of a tropical storm e.g. family evacuation plans / emergency kits Educating people on the dangers of tropical storms and how best to prepare.
50
How might climate change affect tropical storm distribution, frequency and intensity?
Distribution: More tropical storms may happen outside of the current areas as sea temperatures increase. Frequency: frequency may decrease Intensity: increase intensity of tropical storms
51
What kinds of weather hazards affect the UK?
Flooding Storms Drought Extreme heat / cold
52
What causes the Beast from the east?
- a change to the northern polar jet stream, which twisted its direction unexpectedly, drawing in cold air to the UK from the east - this bending caused by a jump in temperatures high over the Artic, known as sudden stratospheric warming - so cold air from the Artic is dragged over to the UK, bringing severe cold weather (although the air is a lot warmer when it arrives having risen from -50 degrees - the air picked up moisture over the North Sea bringing snow
53
Social impacts from the Beast from the east?
- thousands of schools were closed - many power cuts
54
Environmental impacts from the Beast from the east?
- in reased amount of snow - tempewratures below freezing throught the day
55
Economic impacts from the Beast from the east?
- ecnomic grew at its lowest in 6 years - damages cost up to 1 billion pounds a day
56
Management/responses took place after the beast from the east: drivers
- stranded drivers were given foil blankets
57
What evidence is there that the weather is becoming more extreme in the UK?
- all of the UK's hottest years have been in the last 20 years - July 2022 had record breaking temperature --> 40.3 degrees - 10 percent wetter than a couple of decades ago - river flooding has increased
58
What are the primary and secondary effects of tropical storms?
Primary: strong winds heavy rainfall storm surges Secondary: flooding landslides disruption to infrastructure and livelihoods (economic, social, environmental impacts)
59
What are the immediate and long term responses to tropical storms?
Immediate: rescue and evacuation emergency services providing aid Long term: rebuilding and repairing strengthening infrastructure improving forecasting and monitoring economic recovery
60
How many people were forced to leave their homes due to Typhoon Haiyan?
600,000 people forced to leave their homes
61
How many fishing boats were destroyed as a result of Typhoon Haiyan?
30,000 fishing boats destroyed
62
How much of the city was destroyed due to Typhoon Haiyan?
90% of city of Tacloban destroyed
63
How was the airport impacted by Typhoon Haiyan?
Tacloban airport severely damaged
64
How was the infrastructure impacted by Typhoon Haiyan?
Infrastructure destroyed by winds
65
What did the flooding from Typhoon Haiyan cause?
- Flooding caused landslides, blocking roads meaning aid was hindered
66
What happened to the power as a result of Typhoon Haiyan?
Power cut off
67
How did Typhoon Haiyan impact aid?
Difficulty receiving aid as a result of damaged infrastructure
68
What was the cause of outbreaks of disease due to Typhoon Haiyan?
Outbreaks of disease due to poor sanitation and shortages of shelter and water.
69
What broke out as a result of Typhoon Haiyan?
Looting and violence broke out
70
Immediate response of Typhoon Haiyan: US
US aircrafts helped with search and rescue
71
Immediate response of Typhoon Haiyan: evacuation centres
1,200 evacuation centres were set up
72
Immediate response of Typhoon Haiyan: UK
The UK provided Shelter Boxes which provided equipment to set up make-shift homes
73
Immediate response of Typhoon Haiyan: Philippines Red Cross
The Philippines Red Cross delivered basic food packages
74
Long term response to Typhoon Haiyan: charities
Charities helped to replace fishing boats which is a crucial source of income for many citizens
75
Long term response to Typhoon Haiyan: clean up debris
‘Cash for Work’ programmes paid people to clean up debris
76
Long term response to Typhoon Haiyan: homes
Homes rebuilt away from flood prone areas
77
Long term response to Typhoon Haiyan: rice farming
Rice farming was quickly restored to ensure food production and a source of income
78
Management/responses took place after the beast from the east: army
the army were called in to help people when storm Emma hit
79
Management/responses took place after the beast from the east: met office
the met office issued red warnings in several areas
80
Management/responses took place after the beast from the east: public health England
Public Health England urged people to plan ahead to ensure they have enough food and medicine

Geography (18 decks)

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