Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanisation?

A

growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

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2
Q

push factors, list 3.

A
  1. Natural disasters.
  2. Mechanised equipment needs fewer workers, less jobs.
  3. Desertification makes land unproductive, unstable income for farmers.
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3
Q

pull factors, list 3.

A
  1. More jobs, better paid.
  2. Better healthcare and education.
  3. Better quality of life.
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4
Q

Sanitation challenges in Rio?

A
  • lots don’t have access to toilet flushes, using pit latrines instead. Sewage goes into soil/drains/rivers.
  • hard to incorporate sanitation when squatter settlements are so densely constructed.
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5
Q

5 new developments in longbridge?

A
  • tech park.
  • £70 million new town centre.
  • new hotels and leisure developments.
  • £66 million learning facility.
  • regenerated the derelict rover car plant
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6
Q

7 ways to reduce pollution and traffic?

A
  • Boris bikes.
  • congestion charge.
  • ring roads.
  • parking permits.
  • cycle lanes.
  • pedestrianised streets.
  • park and ride schemes.
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7
Q

what is a Boris bike?

A

hire a bike, drop off another place when finished.

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8
Q

what is a congestion charge?

A

daily charge if drive in certain zone at certain times.

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9
Q

what is ring roads?

A

a road or series of connected roads encircling a place, offering alternate routes.

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10
Q

what is parking permit?

A

need permit to park in the place, avoids traffic.

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11
Q

what is cycle lanes?

A

lanes for cyclists only, promotes lesser use of cars.

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12
Q

what is pedestrianised streets?

A

making a street pedestrian only, reducing amount of cars.

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13
Q

what is park and ride scheme?

A

park in a place, catch bus/rail system to centre then back again.

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14
Q

8 issues caused by traffic problems?

A
  • pollution.
  • late to work.
  • anger.
  • delays to emergency services..
  • health issues.
  • lack of parking spaces.
  • noise.
  • road kill.
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15
Q

primary industry
secondary industry
tertiary
Quaternary

A

primary - gathering raw materials from earth.

secondary - making, building or processing raw materials into products, usually in factories.

tertiary - providing a service.

Quaternary - high tech research to develop new things

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16
Q

+ and - of TNC

A

+ jobs, pay tax which can be used by government to help the people, import of new tech.

  • exploit child labour in their factories, accused of human rights abuse, employees work for long hours.
17
Q

+ and - of shell in Nigeria

A

+ employ 600 people, used 3 billion to capture gas and and stop flaring, offer 3000 scholarships per year, electricity and clean water.

  • oil spills damage environment and wild life, fishing industries affected, oil theft costs government billions.
18
Q

impact of tourism on Tunisia?

A

7.4% of GDP comes from tourism, 400,000 jobs from tourism.

19
Q

impact on Tunisias development gap?

A

literacy rates 66% to 79% since 1995, more people having children that go to uni, more women going to school, since 1960 life expectancy has risen from 42 to 75.

20
Q

problems that rapid growth has caused Lagos?

A
  • 66% live in slums not enough houses for population.
  • only 40% of city is connected to water supply.
  • not enough healthcare facilities, many can’t afford.
  • 60% work informal jobs.
  • population 4000 tonnes of rubbish daily, 40% is collected.
21
Q

physical factors of uneven development

A

climate, relief (shape of land), natural hazards.

22
Q

3 ways to reduce regional differences?

A
  • identify areas that need special help, provide money for new businesses.
  • improve transport like linking cities in the north like M62 improvements.
  • Giving more power to individual cities so can invest money on what they want
23
Q

what is HS2

A
  • high speed train running from Birmingham to London.
  • take pressure off existing railways.
  • reduce journey times.
  • jobs.