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AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY > Urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of urbanisation?

A

the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas.

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2
Q

What does the rate of urbanisation differ between?

A

countries that are richer and those that are poorer

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3
Q

Explain HICs?

A

more economically developed

  • slow rates of urban growth - many people desiring a better quality of life so move to less crowded rural areas
  • good communication networks mean that people in HIC can move to countryside and commute to cities or work from home
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4
Q

Explain LICs?

A

Low income countries

  • many moving to cities
  • fastest rate of urbanisation in the world
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5
Q

Explain NEEs?

A

economic development is happening rapidly

- % of population living in urban areas varies

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6
Q

What is urbanisation caused by?

A
  • Rural- urban migration
  • natural increase
  • opportunities
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7
Q

Explain rural-urban migration?

A

the movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities

-caused by push and pull factors

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8
Q

What are some push factors of rural-urban migration?

A

natural disasters (floods and earthquakes) can damage property which people can’t repair

  • mechanisation of agricultural equipment, fewer workers needed
  • desertification can make land unproductive so people can’t support themselves
  • conflict or war -people want to leave
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9
Q

What are some pull factors of rural-urban migration?

A
  • more jobs, higher pay
  • access to better health and education
  • to join other family members
  • increased quality of life
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10
Q

What is natural increase?

A

when birth rate is higher than death rate

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11
Q

Social opportunities in urban areas in NEEs and LICs?

A

better access to services and health care

- better access to resources, clean water and electricity

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12
Q

What are some economic opportunities in LICs and NEEs?

A

growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development

  • as industries develop, more people move to urban areas to work in factories
  • industries sell goods internationally, manufactured makes more profit then unprocessed so industrialised countries become wealthier
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13
Q

How is Rio de Janerio an international city?

A
  • held the 2016 olympic games
  • has a major port for exports and imports
  • many manufacturing industries for clothing, chemicals, furniture
  • good for tourism
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14
Q

How is Rio de Janerio a National city?

A

Brazil’s second largest city in terms of its financial and service industries.
-It produces 5% of Brazil’s GDP

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15
Q

What are Rio’s opportunity for development in health care?

A

In 2015, only 55% had a local family health clinic
Favela Santa Marta:
- steep hillside with population of 8000
- few roads and the main means of access is cable car
- 13km to nearest hospital
Solution:
- medical staff took a health kit into peoples homes
- detected 20 different diseases and treated them
- now infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy increased

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16
Q

What are rios opportunities for development in education?

A

problem:

  • shortage of schools
  • lack of money
  • shortage of teachers
  • low pay

Solution:

  • encouraging local people to volunteer
  • giving School grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping kids in school
  • money for free volleyball, football and swimming in Rocinha favela
  • opening a private university in Rocinha favela
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17
Q

What are Rio’s opportunities for development in Water supply?

A

Problem:
- 12% did not have access to running water
- 37% of water lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
Solution:
- 7 new treatment plants built between 1998 and 2014
- over 300km of pipes laid
- end of 2014, 95% had mains water supply

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18
Q

What are Rio’s opportunities for development in energy?

A 
Problem:
- frequent blackouts
- many get electricity illegally
Solution:
- 60km of new power lines
- building new nuclear generator
- developing new simplicity hydro-electric complex which will increase Rio's supply of electricity by 30%
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19
Q

What are Rio’s opportunities for economic development in industrial areas?

A

growing economic prosperity has attracted huge companies to Brazil creating economic opportunities in the formal economy

20
Q

How is Birmingham a national city?

A

UKs second largest city

  • 5 main universities
  • New street is the second busiest station in UK
  • Giant shopping centre
  • 31000 companies
21
Q

How is Birmingham an international City?

A
  • international airport
  • 60000 students come from around world
  • rated in top 15 cities in Europe for businesses
22
Q

What are the 6 main opportunities for development in Birmingham?

A
  • culture
  • recreation
  • entertainment
  • employment
  • integrated transport
  • urban greening
23
Q

How is culture an opportunity in Birmingham?

A

huge ethnic and cultural diversity

  • 60000 students internationally
  • Balti triangle is an area in Birmingham famous for curry houses
  • china town
  • many polish migrants
24
Q

How is Recreation an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A

bullring shopping centre has 140 shops

  • Brindly place has bars, retails, offices and entertainment
  • has a huge theatre ( Birmingham hippodrome)
  • has many sports and music venues
25
Q

How is entertainment an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A

Birmingham hippodrome

- shows and museums

26
Q

How is employment an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A

jobs in all sectors

  • wide employment due to variety in things
  • 31000 companies in Birmingham
27
Q

How is the integrated transport an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A

has an integrated transport link plan

  • have developed cycling routes
  • new train system
  • 2nd biggest station outside London
  • increased connectivity of road, rail and bus links
  • should benefit tourism and allow people to move easily through the UK
28
Q

How is urban greening an opportunity for development in Birmingham?

A

urban green plan

  • making city more attractive
  • over 500 parks and open spaces
  • enhanced walkways
  • green roofs and walls
  • developing parks
  • encouraging walking
29
Q

What are the five regeneration programs in Birmingham

A
  • Longbridge
  • Grand Central
  • Paradise
  • Birmingham Curzon.
30
Q

Why did Longbridge need to be regenerated?

A

was major car manufacturing, increased competition abroad led to decline and it shut down. area became rundown with high unemployment

31
Q

What did the longbridge regeneration include?

A
  • 2000 new homes and 1000 new jobs
  • A technology park, including an innovation centre suited to small technology businesses.
  • A £70 million new town centre with a range of major stores.
  • Now hotels and leisure developments such as restaurants and cafes.
  • Bourneville College, a new £66 million learning facility.
  • A range of new office accommodation.
  • Residential developments for a variety of age ranges.
  • Large industrial and distribution centre buildings (warehouses) with easy access to the road network
32
Q

Describe the global pattern of urban change

A

Rates of urbansiation different depending on whether the country is rich or poor.

The most rapid urban growth is happening in LICs.

The lowest rates of urban growth is in HICs

The rate of urban growth in NEEs is starting to slow.

33
Q

Which continent has the highest rate of urbanisation?

A

Africa

34
Q

Describe the global pattern of urban change

A

Rates of urbansiation different depending on whether the country is rich or poor.

The most rapid urban growth is happening in LICs.

The lowest rates of urban growth is in HICs

The rate of urban growth in NEEs is starting to slow.

35
Q

Which continent has the highest rate of urbanisation?

A

Africa

36
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city with a population of 10 million people or more.

37
Q

Name three megacities

A

Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, Lagos, Karachi, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Dhaka, Jakarta, Metro Manila, Shanghai, Osaka, Tokyo.

38
Q

Which two population factors combine to produce megacities?

A

Migration + Natural Increase

39
Q

Describe the location of Rio de Janeiro

A

Rio de Jeneiro is a city located in the country of Brazil. Brazil is a country in South America.

40
Q

Describe the social challenges facing Rio

A
  1. Health care - just over half of the city has access to a local health clinic.
  2. Education - half of all children continue their education after 14. Many become involved in crime.
  3. Water supply - 12% of Rio’s population did not have access to running water.
  4. Energy - shortage of elecricity = powercuts
41
Q

Describe the economic challenges facing Rio

A
  1. Unemployment - 20% of those living in favelas are unemployed.
  2. Lots of people working in the informal sector - they don’t pay taxes, don’t have insurance and are poorly paid.
  3. Crime - Robbery and violent crime are big challenges.
42
Q

Describe the environmental challenges facing Rio

A
  1. Air pollution - causes 5,000 deaths per year in Rio
  2. Traffic congestion caused by few roads due to mountain landscape and more people owning cars.
  3. Water pollution - Guanabara Bay is highly polluted causing a threat to wildlife. Caused by pollution from favelas and industrial waste.
  4. Waste pollution - it is difficult to get waste collection lorries into the steep sided streets of the favelas
43
Q

Define shanty town

A

A squatter settlement that springs up in an area that used to have no houses. (Also called spontaneous settlements).

44
Q

Define squatter

A

Someone who settles on land without the legal rights to stay there

45
Q

Why do squatter settlements occur?

A

Usually because of rapid rural-urban migration so governments don’t have time to provide houses, drainage, clean water, schools etc.

46
Q

What are the challenges of squatter settlements in Rio

A
  1. Construction - houses are poorly constructed. Limited road access.
  2. Services - lack of access to basic facilities e.g. no have running water, no electricity, no sewage connections.
  3. Unemployment - 20% are unemployed. Many work in the informal sector.
  4. Crime - There is a high murder rate. Drug gangs often dominate the favelas.
  5. Health - Infant mortality rates are high. Waste cannot be disposed of safely leading to disease.

AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY (8 decks)

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