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AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY > Summer Assessment 1 > Flashcards

Summer Assessment 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tropical storm?

A

Tropical storms also known as hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons are huge storms that form between the tropics

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2
Q

Describe the global distribution of tropical storms

A
  • in a band around the equator
  • within the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn
  • rare in the South Atlantic
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3
Q

How do tropical storms form?

A
  • tropical storms all start over oceans at a minimum temperature of 27 degrees
  • warm temps cause hot air to rise, taking a lot of water vapour with it. as it rises it cools and condenses to form large thunderstorm clouds
  • as air condenses it releases heat with powers the storm and draws up more water from the ocean
  • thunderstorms join together to form giant storm with an eye at the centre where air sinks rapidly. the eyewall is where the most intensive weather occurs
  • if the storm reaches land its energy source (the warm sea) is cut off and it weakens
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4
Q

Why do tropical storms form between the tropics?

A
  • The ocean temperatures are warm enough (27°C)
  • There is enough intense heating of the ocean to cause warm air to rise rapidly.
  • They don’t form directly over the equator as there isn’t enough of an impact of the earth’s rotation to cause the storm to spin so they form 5°-15° north and south of the equator.
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5
Q

What are the conditions required for a tropical storm to form?

A 
Warm water (above 27C)
Deep water (60-70m)
Within the tropical zone
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6
Q

Define ‘weather’?

A

The day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere.

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7
Q

Define ‘climate’?

A

The long-term average of weather conditions

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8
Q

What is a tropical storm?

A

Tropical storms are also known as hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones. They are huge storms that form between the tropics.

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9
Q

Describe the global distribution of tropical storms

A

In a band around the equator

Within the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn

They are rare in the South Atlantic

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10
Q

Why do tropical storms form between the tropics?

A
  • The ocean temperatures are warm enough (27°C)
  • There is enough intense heating of the ocean to cause warm air to rise rapidly.
  • They don’t form directly over the equator as there isn’t enough of an impact of the earth’s rotation to cause the storm to spin so they form 5°-15° north and south of the equator.
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11
Q

Tropical storms in the North Atlantic region are known as?

A

Hurricanes

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12
Q

Tropical storms in south-east Asia and Australia are known as?

A

Cyclones

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13
Q

Tropical storms in Japan and the Philiippines are known as?

A

Typhoons

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14
Q

What are the conditions required for a tropical storm to form?

A

Warm water (above 27C)
Deep water
Within the tropical zone
No jet stream present

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15
Q

Which force causes tropical storms to spin?

A

Coriolis

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16
Q

Describe the sequence of events when a tropical storm passes over?

A

Temperature and air pressure fall
Air pressure falls more, wind increases, lots of cumulonimbus cloud, heavy rainfall
Calm, no wind, no rain, gets slightly warmer, air pressure still very low (EYE OF THE STORM)
Wind and heavy rainfall increase dramatically again, temperature drops, air pressure begins to rise
Tropical storm ends, air pressure and temperature rise

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17
Q

Describe the formation of a tropical storm?

A

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1. Warm wet air from the warm ocean rises. As it cools and condenses it creates huge cumulonibus clouds.

  1. As the warm, wet air is rising, it creates an area of low pressure near the ocean surface. Warm air from outside the storm is sucked in to fill this ‘space’ creating a constant upwelling of warm, moist air to power the storm.
  2. Air leaves the spiralling column in the centre of the storm out of the top and flows downwards to the side of the storm.
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18
Q

Describe the features of a tropical storm?

A

Up to 300 miles wide

Wind speeds up to 252km/h and above

Thunder and lightning, strong winds at the eye wall

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19
Q

Describe the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6,300 deaths

600,000 people forced to leave their homes

30,000 fishing boats destroyed

90% of city of Taclocan destroyed

Tacloban airport severely damaged

Infrastructure destroyed by winds

Flooding

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20
Q

Describe the secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6 million lost jobs

Flooding caused landslides, blocking roads meaning aid was hindered

Power cut off

Difficulty receiving aid as a result of damaged infrastructure

Outbreaks of disease due to poor sanitation and shortages of shelter and water.

violence broke out

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21
Q

Describe the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Aid agencies donated food, water and shelter quickly

US aircrafts helped with search and rescue

1,200 evacuation centres were set up

The UK provided Shelter Boxes which provided equipment to set up make-shift homes

The Philippines Red Cross delivered basic food packages

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22
Q

Describe the long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Infrastructure was rebuilt e.g. bridges and airport

Charities helped to replace fishing boats which is a crucial source of income for many citizens

‘Cash for Work’ programmes paid people to clean up debris

Homes rebuilt away from flood prone areas

Rice farming was quickly restored to ensure food production and a source of income

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23
Q

How are tropical storms monitored and predicted?

A

Predicting the track of a tropical storm is very difficult.

Satellite images are used to identify the distinct pattern of clouds associated with tropical storms forming over the ocean.

Aircrafts can be used to monitor conditions within tropical storms.

In the USA, ‘Hurricane Watch’ advises that hurricane conditions are likely. ‘Hurricane Warning’ is issued when people should take action e.g. evacuate.

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24
Q

How do people protect themselves from tropical storms?

A

Secure outdoor furniture to the ground

Cut own tree branches to avoid property damage

Window shutters
Buildings built on stilts to prevent storm surge damage

Storm drains in urban areas removed large amounts of water from storm surges

Sea walls built to hold back some water from storm surges

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25
Q

How do people plan for tropical storms?

A

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Increasing citizens awareness and knowledge of what to do in the event of a tropical storm

e.g. family evaucation plans / emergency kits

Educating people on the dangers of tropical storms and how best to prepare.

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26
Q

How might climate change affect tropical storm distributon, frequency and intensity?

A

Distribution: More tropical storms may happen outside of the current areas as sea temperatures increase.

Frequency: frequency may decrease

Intensity: increase intensity of tropical storms

27
Q

What kinds of weather hazards affect the UK?

A

Flooding
Storms
Drought
Extreme heat / cold

28
Q

What caused the Somerset floods?

A

350mm of rain fell in January and February (100mm above average)
A series of storms hit the area
High tides and storm surges swept water upstream, preventing water reaching the sea
Rivers hadn’t been dredged for 20 years so were filled with sediment.

29
Q

Describe the social effects of the Somerset floods?

A 
16 farms evacuated
600 houses flooded 
Residents evacuated for several months 
Difficult for people to get to work/school
Power cuts
30
Q

Describe the economic effects of the Somerset flood?

A

Damage estimated at £10 million
Over 14,000 hectares of farmland was flooded for 1 month
1,000 livestock evacuated
Floods cut off villages

31
Q

Describe the environmental effects of the Somerset flood

A

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Large amounts of rubble and debris had to be cleared
Floodwaters were contminated with sewage
Stagnant water had to be reoxingenated before being pumped back into rivers

32
Q

What were the responses to the Somerset floods?

A

Immediate:

  • Local residents volunteered help
  • People used boats to go get to work/school

Long term:

£20million Flood Action Plan was set up to:

  • Dredge the Rivers Tone and Parratt
  • River banks raised
  • Road levels raised
  • Flood defences in flood-risk areas
  • More pumping stations built.
33
Q

What is the evidence that weather in the UK is becoming more extreme?

A

Heatwaves - 2003

Floods - 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013-14, 2015-16

Heavy snow - 2009, 2010, 2017

34
Q

What is climate change?

A

The long term change in global weather patterns

35
Q

What is the evidence that climate has changed since the beginning of the Quaternary period?

A

Over the past 2.6 million years (the quaternary period) gloal temperatures have fluctuated but have overall gradually declined.

During the last 400,000 years, there have been noticable glacial (cooler periods) and interglacial (warmer periods).

The the last few decades, temperatures have increased above average, known as global warming

Since 1880, global temperatures have increased by 0.85°C

36
Q

What is the evidence for historical climate change?

A

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Ice cores have been able to identify changes from up to 400,000 years ago.

Huge drills drill down into ice sheets to remove a cylinder of ice. A slice of this ice contains bubbles of carbon dixoide. As carbon dioxide absrobs heat in the atmosphere, the more bubbles evident, the warmer the temperatures were.

37
Q

What is the recent evidence for climate change?

A

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Shrinking glaciers
Rising sea levels (due to melting ice and thermal expansion)
Seasonal changes (ie. migrating birds, nesting patterns)

38
Q

Name the 3 natural causes of climate change?

A

Orbital changes (Milankovitch Cycles)
Solar Activity
Volcanic Activity

39
Q

How does solar activity cause climate change?

A

Over a period of 11 years, sunspots increase and decrease on the sun. These sunspots appear as dark patches. The more sunspots, the more solar radiation given. This coincides with warmer periods.

40
Q

How does orbital theory cause climate change?

A

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Eccentricity (orbit). The arth’s orbit changes from a cirular to ellipitcal orbit. During a ellipitcal (oval shaped) orbit, the sun and earth at their biggest distance, causing cooler periods than during a circular orbit. This coincides with glacial and intergalcial periods)

Precession (wobble) - the earth has a natural wobble (like a spinning top). Due to this, places facing away from the Sun experience longer days and nights at certain points of the year

Axial tilt - the earth spins on its axis. The earths axis tilts backwards and forwards over a period of 41,000 years.

41
Q

How does volcanic activity cause climate change?

A

When a volcanic erupts, it emits large amounts of gas and ash into atmosphere. This- temporarily block out suns radiation which causes temporary cooling. This is known as a ‘volcanic winter’.

42
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some solar radiation entering the atmosphere. Some long wave radiation is absorbed by earth, some escapes back out to space. This is a natural process which keeps Earth at an optimum temperature for life on Earth to survice.

43
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

The thickening of the greenhouse gas layer, which traps more heat in the atmosphere. It is caused by human actions that release more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

44
Q

Name the greenhouse gases

A 
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Water vapour
45
Q

Which human activities are releasing nitrous oxides?

A

Car exhausts
Agricultural fertilisers
Power stations

46
Q

Which human activity is releasing carbon dioxide (C02)?

A

Burning fossil fuels in industry
Car exhausts
Deforestation

47
Q

Which human activity is releasing Methane?

A

Decaying organic matter
Rice farming
Livestock
Biomass burning

48
Q

Name a physical impact of climate change?

A

Sea level rise
Drought
Storms

49
Q

Explain how agriculture contributes to climate change?

A

Farming produces large amounts of methane through cattle digestion and through the rice farming.

Cattle farming has increased as the world’s population has increased, and more people around the world demand meat in their diets.

50
Q

Explain how deforestation causes climate change?

A

Trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. By removing more trees we are removing the ability for trees to take out CO2. As a result, CO2 levels increasing. Increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere means more heat is trapped. Trees are being cut down to make space for road building and farming.

51
Q

Explain how burning fossil fuels leads to climate change?

A

Burning fossil fuels gives off huge quantities of CO2 which is a gas that absorbs heat in the atmosphere. Fossil fuels are increasingly used in manufacturing, transportation and heating homes.

52
Q

Name some of the effects of climate change on the environment?

A

warmer waters may decrease marine wildlife
70% of Asia may be at increased risk of flooding
increasing temperatures and decreasing soil moisture can reduce biodiversity in the rainforest
less sea ice could open up new oil and gas reserves

53
Q

Name some of the effects of climate change on people?

A

health may decline due to increased levels of malaria in Africa
heatwaves in Europe can kill the vulnerable
crop yields may fall causing famines or job losses
skiing resorts may close due to shorter skiing seasons
120

54
Q

What is climate change mitigation?

A

Establishing strategies to combat climate change and try to prevent or reverse it

55
Q

What is climate change adaptation?

A

Implementing strategies to defend communities from the impacts of climate change

56
Q

Name the international treaties/agreements that attempt to mitigate climate change and give details of what they do

A

Kyoto Protocol - countries pledging to reduce their carbon emissions.

Copenhagen Accord - pledging financial support to developing countries to help them tackle to effects of climate change.

Paris Agreement - 195 countries agreed with tackle climate change (i.e. to keep global temperature increase below 2ºc.)

57
Q

Name 4 mitigation strategies

A
  1. Altnerative energies
  2. Carbon capture
  3. Planting Trees
  4. International agreements
58
Q

Name 3 adaptation strategies?

A
  1. Changing agricultural systems
  2. Managing water supplies
  3. Reducing risk from rising sea levels
59
Q

Describe how planting trees can mitigate agaisnt climate change?

A

Trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. By planting trees, excess CO2 can be removed from the atmosphere.

60
Q

Describe how alternative energy production can mitigate against climate change?

A

Most of the carbon dioxide emissions come from fossil fuels. Switching to renewable forms of energy such as solar power, hydroelectric power and nuclear means co2 emissions will reduce.

61
Q

Describe how carbon capture helps to mitigate agaisnt climate change?

A

Carbon capture is a process by which carbon is captured, compressed and stored underground. This can remove almost 90% of the co2 that could otherwise enter the atmosphere.

62
Q

Explain how changing agricultural systems can adapt against the effects of climate change?

A
  1. planting drought resistant crops
  2. changing the the time of planting
  3. introducing shades to sheild crops from sun
  4. educating farmers on new farming techniques
63
Q

Explain how managing water supplies can adapt against the effects of climate change?

A

Collecting and storing water at different seasons can reduce water lost during higher temperatures e.g. In India, collecting glacial water during the winter and it freezes, storing water for summer months.

64
Q

Explain how reducing the risk from rising sea levels can adapt against the effects of climate change?

A
  1. Constructing sea walls to hold back rising waters
  2. Building houses on stilts
  3. Restoring mangroves to reduce the impact of storm waves
  4. Relocating most vulnerable to new places or higher ground.

AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY (8 decks)

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