urban issues and challenges Flashcards
what is urbanisation
an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities
where is urbanisation happening fastest
fastest in LICS and NEES because of the rapid economic growth they are experiencing
what is rural-urban migration
the movement of people from rural (countryside) to urban (city) areas
5 push factors
natural disaster
war and conflict
drought
lack of employment
mechanisation (the introduction of machines into an activity or place.)
4 pull factors
more jobs
better education/healthcare
increased quality of life
following family members
what is natural increase
when the birth rate exceeds the death rate
what factors cause increase in birth rate
-high percentage of population that are child bearing age which leads to high fertility rate
-lack of contraception or education about family planning
what factors cause a lower death rate
-higher life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet
-improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality rate
what is a megacity
an urban area with over 10million people living there
what is sustainable urban living
means being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment
what is water conservation and how can we do it
water conservation is reducing the amount of water used
-collecting rainwater for gardens and for flushing toilets
-installing water meters and toilets that flush less water
-educating people on using less water
what are the benefits of creating green spaces in cities
-provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in
-encourages people to exercise
-reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff
what is energy conservation and how can we do it
using less fossil fuels reduces the rate of climate change
-promoting renewable energy sources
-making homes more energy efficient
-encouraging people to use less energy
what are the benefits of waste recycling and how do we do it
more recycling means fewer resources are used, less waste reduces the amount that goes to landfill
-collection of household waste
-more local recycling facilities
-greater awareness of the benefits in recycling
what is a greenbelt area
a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast
what is urban regeneration
the investment in the revival of old urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding
what is an integrated transport system
the linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and the surrounding area
what is a brownfield site
an area of land that has previously been used but has become vacant, derelict or contaminated
when and what goal did Freiburg set
1970 goal of focusing on social economic and environmental sustainability
where is Freiburg and what is its population
west germany
220,000
Freiburg sustainable strategies
-city’s waste water allows for rainwater to be retained (permeable pavements)
-the use of sustainable energy such as solar and wind
-40% of the city is forested with many open spaces for recreation, clean air and reducing flood risk
environmental problems of traffic congestion
-increases air pollution which can cause respiratory issues
-releases greenhouse gases which lead to climate change
economic problems of traffic congestion
-can make people late to work and business deliveries take longer
-cause companies to lose money
social problems of traffic congestion
-greater risk of accidents
-congestion is a cause of frustration
-can lead to health problems for pedestrians
