Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a green space?

A

Unbuilt area that provides a natural recreational as well as habitat for life

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2
Q

What is integrated transport?

A

different forms of transport linked together

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3
Q

What is an Enterprise zone?

A

scheme supported by government to encourage

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4
Q

What is Gentrification?

A

decaying area is modernised but cost of living increases and inhabitants forced out.

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5
Q

What is the green belt?

A

area around countryside which doesn’t allow houses to be built

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6
Q

What is rural-urban fringe?

A

zone of transition between built up area and countryside

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7
Q

What is Urban regeneration ?

A

reverse urban decline by redeveloping to improve local economy.

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8
Q

What is Urban sprawl?

A

unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding rural areas

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9
Q

What is a squatter settlement?

A

area of poor quality housing lacking in sewage and electricity-Favelas

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10
Q

What is formal economy?

A

type of employment where people receive regular wage and pay tax

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11
Q

What is informal economy?

A

employment outside official knowledge of government

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12
Q

What is natural increase?

A

birth rate minus the death rate of a population

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13
Q

What is dereliction?

A

abandoned buildings and wasteland

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14
Q

How many people live in urban cities?

A

56 percent of worlds population but by 2050 expected to be 70 percent of people

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15
Q

Where are the highest rates of urbanisation?

A

Asia and Africa due to rural-urban migration.

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16
Q

Where are the lowest rates of urbanisation?

A

HICs such as North America and Oceania as majority of population already live there.

17
Q

What is an exception to lower rates of urbanisation?

A

South America as NEEs like Brazil urbanisation has slowed down although they are not among richer countries

18
Q

urbanisation rates in Hics?

A

Most growth took place in HICs in industrial revolution and counter and reurbanisation

19
Q

Why are rates of urbanisation different?

A

Lics and Nees recently had urban growth so due to rapid growth not enough housing which leads to creation of shanty towns.

20
Q

Where is Rio found?

A

South east coast of Brazil 600km away from Brasilia.
North of Tropic of Capricorn at 22.9 degrees.
Largest country in South America north east of Paraguay and South of Venezuela

21
Q

What is the growth of rios population?

A

In 1990 was 5.5 million and in 2022 it went to 6.6 million.

22
Q

How has urban growth created challenges in Rio socially?

A

12% of Rios population don’t have running water.
Gangs control Favelas
Unemployment rates in favela over 20%
Traffic congestion most congested city in South America.
Only 55% of local have family clinic

23
Q

What are economic challenges created by Urban growth in Rio?

A

Richest 1% pop earn 12% of total income and Poorest 50% only earn 13%.
Unemployment rates in favelas over 20% and many work in informal economy.
Informal jobs are poorly paid no contracts and don’t pay tax.

24
Q

What are Environmental Challenges created by Urban growth in Rio?

A

Traffic jams cause air smog.
Air pollution causes 5000 deaths per year.
More people and industries have caused sewage and chemical pollution of bay.

24
Q

How are urban challenges being resolved in Rio?

A

Health care medical staff take up medical kits up to favelas in Santa Marta.
1994-2014 over 300km of pipe built so by 2014 95% of favelas had main water supply.
Electricity supply of Rio has been installed by adding 60km of power lines increasing supplies of electricity by 3o%.

25
Q

How has Urban growth created opportunities socially?

A

Ethnic and cultural diversity.
Football is national in Brazil so major events.

25
Q

How has Rio has Urban growth created opportunities for Rio economically?

A

Rio has lots of universities.
Growth of Rios industrial areas has boosted cities economy and improved transport and services.
Oil refining industries in demand.
Tourism leads to visitors spending lots of money in Rio.

25
Q

How has Urban growth created opportunities in Rio Environmentally?

A

Tijuca National Park and White Rose forest two largest urban forests in the world.

26
Q

What is the Bairro project?

A

64 million project of a cable cart where times travelling into city reduced from 2 hours to 16 minutes.

27
Q

How many people in Rochina work in the city?

A

90 % of people

28
Q

How was Rochina pacified?

A

Police force went in with 17 arm tanks and 700 police to take control

29
Q

What are issues with the Cable cart?

A

since 2016 facilities have closed down due to technical difficulties

30
Q

What are issues with Rochina being a pacified favela?

A

Police paid poor salaries so can be corrupted.
Gang presence remains in Favelas supposed to be pacified

31
Q

What are health issues in Rio favelas?

A

1.5 million live in overcrowded spaces led to Brazil having second highest number of Covid cases.
Life expectancy is 58 years old.
98.1 percent have access to water but swage flows down middle of houses leading to cholera and dysentery.

32
Q
A