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Geography > Urban Issues And Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation ?

A

urbanisation is an increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

What is a mega city ?

A

A mega city is a city with more than 10 million people

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3
Q

Where is urbanisation happening ?

A
  • urbanisation rates are highest in LIC such as Asia and Africa where there is large rural-urban migration and large natural increase
  • lowest in HIC’s since majority of people already live in the cities and are becoming overcrowded
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4
Q

What are the 2 main reasons for urbanisation ?

A
  • natural increase
  • rural-urban migration
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5
Q

What causes natural increase ?

A

High birth rate can be due to:
- lack of knowledge about contraception
- need for children to work and provide
- high infant mortality rates
low death rate can be due to:
- improved access to clean water
- improved medical care

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6
Q

What is rural-urban migration ?

A

A process in which people move from the countryside to towns and cities

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7
Q

What are some examples of push factors ?

A
  • unemployment
  • poor access to water, energy, electricity
  • poorly paid jobs
  • poor quality housing
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8
Q

What are some examples of pull factors ?

A
  • higher skilled higher paid jobs
  • better schools and healthcare
  • better services
  • better housing and transportation
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9
Q

Where is Rio and what is the importance of the city ?

A
  • rio is located in Brazil, on the east coast
  • Rio is the 2nd most populated city in Brazil making it important nationally
  • Rio has the 2nd largest GDP in Brazil
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10
Q

Why is rio regionally, nationally and globally important ?

A
  • regionally - Rio has a massive consumer market of 6.3 million residents and 1.2million tourists
  • regionally - Rio has 1000 primary schools and 400 secondary schools
  • nationally - Rio produces 85% of Brazil’s films
  • nationally - Rio houses the largest steel industry in Brazil
  • globally - Rio receives 25% of Brazils fdi, Land Rover opened a 240 million car factory
  • globally - Rio is the largest producer of oil in Brazil home to petrobas
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11
Q

What are the causes of Rio’s growth ?

A
  • Rio’s population has doubled from 3million in 1970 to 6.5 million in 2015
    this was caused by 35% natural increase and 65% rural-urban migration:
    pull factors include:
  • free healthcare
  • large consumer market
  • low-unemployment
    Push factors from caatinga:
  • poor access to clean water
  • limited schooling 17% of people are illiterate
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12
Q

How has urban growth provided social and economic opportunities in Rio ?

A

Social:
- Rio has free healthcare as well as 6 hospitals much easier access to healthcare
- Rio has good access to schools 1000 primary school and 400 secondary schools
- Rio has 3x better access to electricity than in rural areas
- 98% of Rio has access to clean water
Economic:
- 8 million people consumer markets
- large tourism industry due to attractive beaches and cultural heritage

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13
Q

How has urban growth created challenges in Rio

A

Rapid growth has meant that the city has not been able to build enough houses to meet demand. While the middle class have benefited from privately built apartments, Majority of poorer people have been forced to live in slums and favelas.

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14
Q

What are the issues with living in favelas and slums

A

Unemployment and crime (rocinha) :
- average income is less than $75 a month
- high murder rates 20 out of 1000
Services:
- 12% of homes don’t have running water, 30% of homes don’t have electricity
Health and education:
- high infant mortality rate 50 per 1000
- 25% of children who live in favelas do not attend school

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15
Q

What are the environmental challenges in Rio ?

A
  • Waste disposal - Rio produces 3.5 million tonnes of waste, collection of this waste is very difficult in steep favelas causing most rubbish to end up in rivers.
  • water pollution - commercial fishing has declined 90% in the last 20 years due to excess pollution in Guanabara bay
  • traffic congestion and air pollution - car ownership has increased over 40% in recent years and air pollution is estimated to cause 5000 deaths per year
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16
Q

What is the favela Bairro project ?

A
  • 1995-2009 cost $1billion
  • aimed to integrate Rio’s favelas into the city by addressing issues of land ownership, infrastructure and service provision
17
Q

What are some of the social, economic and environmental changes involved in the favela Bairro project ?

A

Social:
- day-care so adults can seek full time employment
- improvements in schooling and literacy rates
Economical:
- residents can now legally own properties
- access to credit to allow people to buy more goods and services
Environmental:
- widening of streets to allow waste collection and emergency services
- replacements of wooden building for brick

18
Q

What are some of the issues with the favela Bairro project ?

A
  • training for employment was not effective due to low literacy rates
  • new infrastructure was not properly maintained
  • rents have risen so people can no longer afford to live there
19
Q

Where is Bristol in the UK ?

A

Bristol is the largest city in the south-west of England, the city is 190km from London and is linked by the M4

20
Q

Why is Bristol important to the UK and the wider world ?

A

In the UK:
- it has 2 universities
- 7th most popular city in the UK with 600,000 international visitors
In the wider world:
- Bristol airport provides links to Europe and the USA
- lots of FDI from BMW and finance and high-tech businesses
- has a port, so has easy trade with the rest of the world

21
Q

What are the impacts of migration on Bristol ?

A

Positive:
- enriching the cities cultural life
- improving the levels of skills where there are shortages
- mainly young migrant reducing aging population
Negative:
- pressure on housing prices
- challenge of integration into the community

22
Q

How has bristols changing population Created social opportunities ?

A

Social:
- over 2 million people live within 50km of the city, since this was largely caused by migration it has lead to Bristol being ethnically diverse
- recreational activities, river Avon provides opportunities for fishing and walking
- entertainment, 2 football teams, shopping centres Cribbs Causeway

23
Q

How has bristols changing population created economic opportunities ?

A
  • highly skilled employees from the UK and abroad come to the city
  • local universities mean there is a highly skilled and educated graduate workforce
  • growing number of high-tech companies, 430 high-tech businesses
  • financial services hub - employs 35000 people in companies such as nationwide and loyds bank
24
Q

How has changing population created environmental opportunities in Bristol ?

A
  • Bristol was the UK’s first ever European green capital
  • improvements in transport, Integrated Transport System increases accessibility around Bristol by linking various transport systems into one
  • Bristol used 11million to construct cycling lanes to reduce emissions and congestion
  • urban greening, as population increased, more need for green space, more than a third of Bristol is open space, 400 parks and 8 nature reserves
25
Q

What are some social and economic challenges from urban change in Bristol ?

A
  • inequality in housing - increased demand in houses mean house prices have risen 50% since 2014
  • education - children who are living in deprived areas (Filwood) have 50% worst gcse attainment then children who live in wealthy areas (Redland)
  • employment - average employment rate in Bristol is 77% but in deprived areas e.g Filwood, due to poor educational attainment and less skills the average employment rate is 60%
26
Q

How has urban change created environmental challenges in Bristol ?

A
  • dereliction - development of post industrial economy has lead many old warehouses and historic buildings derelict, these former industrial building can be expensive and dangerous to clean up and make them safe
  • waste disposal - due to growing population (1% a year), Bristol has seen an increase in waste disposal half a million tonnes a year, landfill sites are short in supply and burning the waste leads to GHG emmisions
  • air pollution - 200 people die every year from air pollution due to increased congestion and increased industrial areas
27
Q

What is the impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe ?

A

Urban sprawl has been caused by increased population, shortages of affordable houses, improvements to transport infrastructure

28
Q

Why did the temple Quarter need to regenerated ?

A
  • was an industrial area - takes up space, it also attracts crime, unattractive
29
Q

What was in the regeneration of the temple quarter ?

A
  • demolishing industrial buildings
  • enterprise zones - encourage economic growth and create jobs, the project aims to create 17,000 jobs by 2037
  • temple meads station received 10million for upgrade
  • cost 95 million
30
Q

How successful is the temple quarter regeneration ?

A
  • area has become more attractive
  • more than 5000 jobs already created
  • 400 businesses have moved into the area
31
Q

What are the features of sustainable urban living ?

A

urban sustainability involves creating an environment which meets the social, economic and environmental needs of existing residents without compromising the needs of future residents
- water and energy conservation
- waste recycling
- green space

32
Q

What is water and energy conservation ?

A

Water conservation - conserve and recycle water instead of getting from new supplies
- installation of water saving devices
- collecting rain water in tanks
Energy conservation in Bristol
- 2000 homes have become more energy efficient through better technology meaning their homes are warmer
- 2million invested in energy efficient refurbishment saving 1m in energy bills annually

33
Q

What is waste recycling ?

A

waste recycling involves recovering and reprocessing waste materials
- in 2020 UK goverment set up a legally binding target of 65% of waste to be recycled by 2035

34
Q

What is creating green space ?

A

In Bristol:
- 70 new play spaces across the city
- planting trees in green spaces

35
Q

How are traffic management strategies being used in Bristol ?

A
  • development of park and ride schemes
  • new rapid bus network
  • 19% of residents now cycle each month

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